BIO 181 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Past LectureI. Hierarchy of OrganizationII. Seven Characteristics of LifeOutline of Current LectureI. Nature of ScienceII. Scientific MethodI. Nature of Sciencei. description1. classic version of scientific method2. observations lead to hypotheses that make experimentally testable predictionsa. first part of science is descriptivei. much of biology is arriving at an accurate description of natureii. ex: descriptive science, the study of biodiversityii. Two main research method in Biology1. biology logic- based science2. Discovery Science: about gathering and analyzing dataa. not driven by a hypothesisb. no controlled variablec. more descriptived. ex: drug testing for determining how it affects different illnesses II. scientific method: logical steps( Jan 13, 2015)i. Five major steps1. observation- something that describes a fact based on one's sensesa. deals with questioning things seenb. all science start with observationsc. used during experiments and try not to make inferencesd. avoid assumptions2. hypothesis: tries to answer questions formed after careful observationa. is a proposition that might be true ( educated guess)i. A good hypothesisThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. can be rejectb. falsifiable: meaning it can be disprovenc. needs to be riskyd. is testablee. use the (if, then) formatf. most state a relationshipi. ex: if the frequency of winning is relate to thefrequency of buying a lottery ticketii. it can be changed or refined with new data 3. Test: experiments test the hypothesisa. design and perform controlled experimentsi. when one variable is altered it is a way of testing the hypothesisii. has both a control and a variableb. ex: experiment: growth rate of plants with 8 hours of sunlight compared to only 4 hours of sunlight.c. variables: factors that influence the experimenti. control experiment: when the variable are left unalteredii. independent variable: only one in an experimenta. manipulated by those doing the experimentb. Ex: hours of sunlight in experimentiii. dependent variable: changes that occur based on the independenta. can be more than oneb. Ex: growth rate of plantsiv. control variable: anything that manipulate the dependent variablea. can be many of theseb. all controlled variables must be the same for each subject throughout the experimentc. Ex: type of plant, water given, temperature, size of container 4. Analyze resultsa. consistent: experimental results must be the same as the observational resultsb. observable: events can be viewed by human sense c. natural: use of natural events or mechanism to explain why or how something happensd. predictable: accurate predictions and conclusion based on natural causes observedi. not based on inference or presupposed informatione. testable :designed to test natural cause of phenomenonf. tentative: explanation of laws, theories, hypotheses i. also give notice to how change in events and evidence can influence certain explanation5. Conclusion:a. Keep or reject hypothesis b. present finding that were obtained through