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NCSU BIO 181 - Players in Consumption and Nutrition

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BIO 181 1st Edition Lecture 17Past LectureI. Doubling timeCurrent LectureI. Nutrition/ EnvironmentII. Feeding Adaptation of organismsIII. Trophic LevelsIV. Plant transportations I. Nutrition/ EnvironmentA. The four major players in consumption and nutrition are 1. the primary producers: which are known as autotrophs 2. primary consumers: which are typically heterotrophs, plant eaters,3. secondary producer: which are heterotrophs and eat primary producers, carnivorous4. Tertiary producers: eat secondary producersa) There are also decomposers and detritivores which are part of the pyramids, they are heterotrophs which eat dead plants and animals,and waste.II. Feeding Adaptation of organismsA. Prokaryotes can be saprobes, which are decomposers that absorb nutrients from dead organisms, while parasites absorbs nutrient from body of living host.B. Adaptations for feeding for protists, nutrients as well, heterotrophic consist of twogroups, 1. phototrophs which have ingestive feeding and osmotrophs which absorptive feeding techniques. 2. Autotrophic use sunlight for energy. Mixotrophy switch between autotrophand heterotroph depending on the environmentC. Fungi are substrate feeders, live in the food source and eat through it.1. Example eating through soil, rotting log, piece of bread, living tissue.2. Fungi also have extracellular digestion, they digest food before absorbing it even secrete enzymes like animals and store surplus nutrients,3. which show the similarities.Fungi also cause animal and plant disease, andcan act like parasitesD. Animal are many different types of feeders1. suspension feeders, filter or soft food particles from water. 2. substrate feeders, live in the food sources and burrow through it. 3. Fluid feeders suck nutrients- rich fluid- example parasites or pollination.4. Bulk feeders on the other hand eat large pieces of food using adaptations such as teeth, claws pincers.III. Trophic LevelsA. Species are also placed in trophic levels, based on source of nutrition and energy, representing the distance it is from the sun,B. Which are primary producers. Energy is transferred from sun through food chains. C. 90% of energy is lost at each trophic level, and 10 % is gained, energy cannot be reused by organisms. When animals feed on other organisms for energy and nutrients, energy is lost in the process.D. Ecological pyramids start with producers at the bottom level and is never inverted, while pyramids of numbers can be inverted.1. Gross & Net Primary Productiona) gross primary productivity, amount of light energy transform to chemical energy by photosynthesis per unit timeb) net primary productivity = GPP- energy used by primary producersfor respiration (R )(1) NPP= GPP- R(2) Biomass is weight of vegetation added to ecosystem per unit area per unit time (g/m^2/yr)E. Primary Production- deals with conversion of light to energy, plants use energy in photosynthesis for maintenance and growth, energy that is collected in plant biomass is net primary production.IV. Plant transportations A. within a vascular plants are the xylem which transports water and phloem which transports sugar. B. Heartwood is dead xylem, which does not conduct water, while sapwood is live xylem. C. Transpiration is lost of water from leaves of plant, evaporates water upward. done by cohesion of water molecules and adhesion of water to cellulose of xylem wall.1. Sun’s energy indirectly powers transpiration.2. Stomata of plant, opening on the underside of leaves allow gas exchange and evaporation of water, allows carbon dioxide into plantD. Translocation1. Translocation is within a series of cells which is the phloem pathway,2. Process necessary in vascular system of plant is translocation3. Phloem- vascular tissue moves sucrose, which is food source of planta) vascular tissue moves sucrose gradient from the leaves to all areas of the plantsb) This method is known as “source to


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