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NCSU BIO 181 - Temperature Regulation

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Bio 181 1st Edition Lectures: 23I. RESPIRATIONA. function happens when oxygen goes into blood, carbon dioxide is removed from blood.cells require oxygen as part of aerobic respiration to generate ATP/ energy.1. Evolution has lead to organisms have different breathing methods. For example, some animals breathe through their skin, Hydra, flatworms. This is known as cutaneous respiration. a. Skin must be moist, animal is also flat to get enough surface area.b. For example the flat-headed frog breathe entirely through skin and lining of mouth.2. Insects on the hand have tracheae which allow them to breath. a. They are tubes that go through their body and is reinforced by the chitin, Also at the tip of the trachea there is small amounts of liquid for the diffusion of gases in and out the cells. b. Gills are seen in most aquatic animals,and some amphibians. 3. There is greatly increase surface area for gas exchange. a. When water flows over in one direction, blood flows in the opposite way through gill capillaries. This is known as countercurrent flow, which maximizes oxygen transfer.4. Terrestrial vertebrates use a pair of lungs to exchange gases. Frogs inflate theirlungs by filling its mouth with air then closing their mouth, which closes the internal opening to its nostrils, opening its glottis. This known as positive pressure breathing.a. While reptiles are more evolved than amphibian, their lungs are more efficient. Lungs have greater surface area, it inflates and deflates by thebellows-like expansion and contraction of the rib cage, due to muscles in the rib cage.b. Bird respiration is the most efficient of land vertebrates, air flows through lungs in one way.c. mammalian respiration, nasal cavities- filter, arm and moistend. bronchi- paired tubes into lungs.5. Mammals have a diaphragm, a. which is a sheet of muscle that pull oxygen into the lungs.b. As diaphragm contracts and rib cage expands, a negative pressure is created in chest cavity, causing lungs to expand and air to be drawn to return cavity atmospheric pressure. c. Inspiration, when air enters, diaphragm contracts and lowers d. Expiration,when air is forced out diaphragm relaxes and rises.B. some respiratory disordersa. Pneumonia: alveoli fill with thick fluidb. Emphysema alveoli burst and fuse, surface area reduced Bronchitis: airways inflamed due to infection or irritant1. long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollutants)2. Cystic fibrosis : genetic defect that causes excessive mucus production that clogs the airwaysc. Only coelomate animals have a circulatory systemd. animals such as cnidarians, gastrovascular cavity that exposes inner cells to water for nutrient and gas exchangee. Flatworms: gastrovascular cavity also-- small size and flattened shape for a higher surface-to-volume ratio for better absorption from the environment f. Pseudocoelomate animals (like roundworms): fluid contained within the body cavity functions to transport nutrients and wastes, but no heart or blood vessels2. Two major types of circulatory systems,a. typically arthropods, most mollusks. b. open circulatory systems blood is pumped from heart through blood vessels but then leaves the vessels and enters body cavities, where theorgans are bathII. Human HeartA. Closed circulatory system, all vertebrates, 1. annelids, and cephalopod mollusks2. blood remains within blood vessels, pressure is high, and blood is therefore pumped fasterB. contain muscular chambers called 1. atria and ventricles - contraction of a chamber forces blood out - blood flows in one direction due to valves that prevent backflow.C. Vertebrate Hearts, atria receive blood returning to the heart, contract to pump1. blood into the ventricles, ventricles are main pumping chamber of the heart, contract to pump blood away from the heart to body, 2. lungs, or gills-atria receive blood returning to the heart, contract to pump blood into the ventricles3. ventricles are main pumping chamber of the heart, contract to pump blood away fromthe heart to body, lungs, or gills.4. Blood from lungs ( pulmonary flow) returns to left atrium Blood from the body ( systemic flow) returns to right atrium D. Fish typically have two heart chamber,1. one atrium and one ventricles, 2. amphibians have a three chambered heart , 2 atria and 1 ventricle.3. reptiles have a partially divided ventricle, 4. birds and mammals have four chambers. the heart acts as two separate pumps.5. Know how to label the hearthttp://www.bing.com/images/search? =labeling+of+human+heart


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