Bio 181 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 12 – 19EcologyLecture 12 (March 5)❖ Ecology is the study of organisms interacting with each other and their environment. Where organism are the biotic components including animals, and abiotic components represents the environment and nonliving things that affect the ecosystem.➢ Behavior is a key component when dealing with animal interaction■ It can be described as what an animal does and how it is done. Proximate and ultimate are terms that look at these specific realms of behavior. Proximate more focused on immediate stimuli and mechanism. While ultimate looks at how a certain behavior contributes to survival and reproduction, the real reason something occurs■ Nature vs. Nurture● Nature more evolution explanation and genetics which is the ultimate● Nurture- something about environment and learn behavior, modifies response to experience more proximate. Views how environment, social relationships and cultures impact who we are. All behavior genetic basis or modified by environment. For example innate behavior is instinctual, genetically programmed. While learned behavior is modified in response to experiences.Lecture 13(March 7)➢ Sociobiology■ Interaction between animals of the same species this connection is essential for social behavior. Animals can usevisual, auditory, chemical, tactile methods to communicatewith each.■ There are also certain order and arrangements of groups. Dominance Hierarchy is a good example about how thestronger gave different benefits, however lower species also get some benefits such as food and protection.■ Always an element of selfish behavior, when interacting with ones species. Altruism looks at how an animal’s risk their own life to help other animals in their species group, reducing their own fitness for increase of another. ● Example; vampire bats getting each other blood when one is too weak to get it for itself.➢ Learning can be described as complex behavior that is gained from experiences that we incorporate in our nervous system.■ Habituation: learn not to respond to repeated stimulus■ Associative learning/conditioning: association made between stimulus and response■ classical conditioning: physiological response solution or fear● nutritional stimulus becomes meaningful to animal● we learn a lot of our fears from things that happened to us■ operant conditioning: volunteer response, done for benefit or done so will not get a punishment● pigeons taught ping pong by giving them reward● fixed interval: which doing something for a specific number of times gives a reward● variable: rewards given randomly◆ trial and error actions● Extinction: response rate declines when reinforcement withheld■ observational learning: learning by copying● important in childhood■ Insight learning: previously learn information use to solve new problems● problem solving skills are built● ex: Chimps modify branches to use for termite and ant extraction■ Imprinting: form association with another individual or object during critical period early in life; long-lasting● duck following a puppy thinking it is her mother■ Sleep also helps stimulate learning by enhancing memories. Dreams connect with sleep all mammals.Lecture 14 (March9)❖ population is centered on the same species, place, timeCharacteristics of populations1. Density = # individuals/unit area2. dispersion: pattern is spacing within geographic boundariesof population3. growth: -depends on biotic potential: fastest reproductive rate possible for a population under ideal conditions, differsfrom one species to another (results in exponential growth)a. Population Growth (r) = the change in the number of individuals in the population (∆N) per unit time (∆t). If r is positive that where population growth is shown, r is negative population is decreasing, but when r is zero nothing has occurred.b. There are so many different factors that influence a population keeping it from reachingit maximum population size which is Biotic potential.c. Understanding different strategies of species isimportant as well. R-strategists, typically have high growth rates, multiple offspring, are small size. Best example of this would probably be a fly. K -strategists are opposite with few offspring, stable environment, large in size. Best example of this would be monkeyd. Life Tables and Survivorship Curvesi. Summarize the probability that an individual will survive and reproduce in any given year over the course of its lifetime. These tabs plot survivorship in each age group.1. This is where type I, II, III, come into play. Type I are usually high lifeexpectancy, due to a healthier environment and technologicaladvancements. Type II is has a constant death rate throughout life span. While Type III there are multiple young, that seem to die early in life❖ Principles of ecology and HUMAN populations:➢ In natural human populations, per capita population growthrate decreases with population size, whereas global humanpopulation growth rate has a positive relationship. Human population has been growing more exponentially, however limited resources will cause it to Plato.➢ with increase of population calculations such as doubling time are examined, demographic are evaluated and age structures looking at proportion of male and female in eachage are used to help us understand the growth of human population.● Rapid Growth: more children in the country being born then older individuals● Slow Growth: declining fertility and mortality rates for most of this century.◆ greater percentage of the "births" have survived until old age● Zero Growth: negative growth because of low birth rates and an old age structure ➢ Also are Ecological footprint is important as well. Understanding how we contribute to the pollution or cleanup of our globe, helps us beware of what we need to change. Many well developed technological countries have a larger footprint due to the fossil fuels, expanding pollution with growth of cities➢ ‘Lecture 15(March 13)❖ 4 major types of interspecific interactions:➢ interspecific: refers to different species interaction which is negative for both■ Competition● Leads to species having an ecological niche, which refers to its role in the ecosystem. Looking at how carnivores and herbivore contribute to the ecosystemis a good example of their niche. The habitat and niche differ. Habitat