BIO 181 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Past LectureI. Hierarchy of OrganizationII. Seven Characteristics of LifeIII. Nature of ScienceIV. Scientific MethodV. Deductive and inductive reasoningVI. TheoryVII.Is it Really Science?Outline of Current LectureI. The move to EvolutionII. Evolution Intro/EvidenceIII. Evidence for EvolutionI. The move to EvolutionA. example of hypothesis becoming theory 1. evolution2. For Darwin to get credit for his experiment he 3. had to have enough evidence, arguments and examples to be able to propose his findings as a theory4. its took him over twenty years to get his findings accepted as a theory a) this took a lot of thought, time, effort and much moreB. Pre-Evolution1. 1600s( Archbishop Ussher)a) proposed a date when earth was formedb) October 22, 4004 B.C.c) posted on Bibles, articles and other magazines seen as true2. 1700s (Linnaeus)a) comparing and classifying where animals livedb) other similarities and differences among living thingsc) proposed that maybe species change throughout timed) done very quietly because would have not been accepted for its time3. 1802 (Lamarck)a) proposed that animals could change its characteristics throughout time due to conditionb) spoke about how these were inherited changes(1) example: the stretching of the giraffe’s neck(2) seen as not true because traits are inherited throughout DNA coding4. Industrial Revolution era(Malthus)a) more use of new inventions and coal minesb) led to the discovery of new rocks and matterc) this made people question the age of the earthd) also influence the socioeconomics of the erae) the move of more people to urban areas(1) influence the impact of certain diseases, food availability and sanitation(2) Malthus claimed that those most likely to survive are those withmore resources (a) did his study and found statistics and society to see why those with more resources would have better chance of survival(b) some survival of the fittest ideas(c) Darwin also looked at some of his studies II. Evolution, Intro/ Evidence A. deals with change over timeB. Charles Darwin Evolution of Science(1807-1882)1. Same birthday as Abraham Lincoln2. very anti-slavery with his ideas oa) claiming we are all parts of the same speciesb) views on equality and less emphasis on race base differences 3. left med school, due to fear of blood4. became a preacher5. was a naturalist to the Galapagos and South Americaa) took samples and made specific observationb) used specimen of finches from different islands (1) looked at their gathering habits of foodc) many species endemic to this area, cannot be found anywhere6. read Lyell’s book7. spent only 20 years researching and experimenting his ideas8. Alfred Wallace and Darwin had similar ideas on evolutiona) Wallace research done in Indonesiab) they both proposed adaptation and natural selection in London 18589. Darwin Theorya) organism reproduceb) DNA not yet presented when research donec) natural selection: variation and competition(1) traits that are better able to survive and be reproduced in offspring(2) most evolutionary biologist agree that it is the primary source for evolution(3) can be considered to be a random process(4) it’s not goal directed(5) species can even become more simple or complex leading to its optimum survival(6) environmental influence and mutations are not so random in evolutionIII. Evidence for Evolution: Is A FactA. Mechanism for evolution is supported by theory1. Fossil Records: we see evidence of species that existed in the past, but my not exist nowa) many of these old species that are extinct are close to those nowb) demonstrates how life has change over timec) Most complex fossils are typically the most recent(1) ex: old horse fossil most likely demonstrates how the hooves of the horse probably changed due to their need to flee from predators 2. Vestigial Structures: once a necessary organ but not used anymorea) ex: Ostriches do not use wings to flyb) humans do not use their appendixes,(1) do not use it as much anymore and it got smaller(2) could be because we changed the way we cooked (3) our digestion system more developed(4) humans have over a hundred vestigial structures3. Breading/Artificial selectiona) humans have breaded dog, plants, vegetables fruit and other thingsb) survival of the fittest (1) deals with the amount of offspring you have surviving(2) all about getting genes into the next generation4. Comparative anatomya) Homologous: very closely related have similar traits and DNA(1) don’t not have the same function(2) comes from divergent evolution(3) ex: human, cat, whale, bat appendages b) Analogous characteristics: distantly relate looks similar(1) evolved to have the same functions(2) a result of convergent evolution(3) on the surface looks a like, but DNA actually different(4) ex: ducks and platypus both have web feet for their water environment, but different