BY 124 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture Chapter 37 I Nutritional Adaptations in Plants cont Chapter 39 I II III IV Signal Transduction Pathway Example of STP Plant Hormones Plant Movement Outline of Current Lecture Chapter 39 I II III IV V VI Plant Movement cont Photoperiodic Control of Flowering How does the plant know about photoperiods Red vs Far Red Light Plant immune Regulation System Symbiotic Relationship between Parasitoid Wasps and Plants Chapter 31 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX Kingdom Fungi Nutrition Mode of Fungi Structural Organization of Fungi Growth and Reproduction of Fungi Historical Aspect of Fungi Figure 31 8 Chyrtridiomycota Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Current Lecture Chapter 39 cont I Plant Movement cont These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute II III IV V VI a Phototropism b Gravitropism c Thigmotropism growth by touch i Thigmomorphogenesis if I m touching you I m going to affect your shape d Turgor movement i Two types 1 Rapid leaf movement touch it and it folds its leaves in 2 Sleep movement deals with circadian rhythms Photoperiodic Control of Flowering Figure 39 21 a Photoperiodism a physiological response to photo period i Short day long night plants bloom in fall time frame because don t like long periods of light want longer nights 1 Needs dark period to be longer than light period ii Long day short night plants bloom in spring time frame because they want lots of light not a lot of darkness 1 Needs dark period to be shorter than light period iii Critical period of darkness 1 Plant Grafting Figure 39 23 a If you graft a plant of one type long vs short day onto the other type of plant and subject it to other light conditions something unknown at the moment moves between plants and causes it to bloom How does the plant know about light periods Figure 39 18 a Because of chromophores i Contain light absorbing pigment called phytochrome b Phytochrome initiates photoreceptor activity which determines light from the chromophore c This signals kinase activity which will phosphorylate something in the plant Red vs Far Red Light a Pr main form of phytochrome found at night b Pfr main form of phytochrome found during day Plant Immune Regulation System Figure 39 29 a Using signal transduction pathway to alert rest of plant that is getting sick b Some plants produce salicylic acid when they get sick i Salicylic acid aspirin Symbiotic Relationship Between Plants and Parasitoid Wasps Figure 39 28 a When the plant is wounded or it recognizes reacts with the chemicals in the caterpillar saliva it uses a signal transduction pathway to synthesize and release volatile attractions that attract parasitoid wasps b Parasitoid wasps will be attracted recruited to plant and these wasps will lay their eggs inside the body of the caterpillar i This keeps the caterpillar from becoming a reproducing adult because once the eggs hatch the larvae will eat the insides of the caterpillar END OF TEST 1 MATERIAL Chapter 31 Fungi I Kingdom Fungi a Eukaryotic i Differ from usual eukaryotes in 1 Nutrition mode 2 Structural organization 3 Growth and reproduction symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizae Symbiotic relationship with ants termites farm fungus with leaves and eats it Figure 31 22 II III Nutrition Mode of Fungi a Heterotrophs more related to animals than plants because of this i Absorptive not ingestive like humans 1 Send out enzymes into surroundings to break down food outside of body and then absorbs it 2 Both absorptive and ingestive heterotrophy is extracellular digestion a Humans digested in gut but gut is located outside of cells that took in food b Fungus out of body completely ii Saprophytic saprobes 1 Live on dead things iii Parasitic 1 Live on living things 2 Mainly used so they can absorb nitrogen and can get products from carbon cycle from other plants and don t have to deal with it on their own Structural Organization of Fungi Figure 31 2 a Hyphae form mats called mycelium i Only part of plant you usually eat is gonads ii If parasitic fungus referred to as haustorum 1 Digests carbs from other plants iii If not parasitic sometimes pull fungus in anchors it 1 Rhizoid iv Specialized hyphae 31 4 IV V VI VII 1 Can sometimes trap nematodes and digest them v Two forms of hyphae Figure 31 3 1 Septate hypha a Septum separates nuclei with partitions with holes to allow communication 2 Coenocytic hypha a Nuclei aren t separated Growth and Reproduction of Fungi a Dominant stage haploid i Have 2 separate haploid nuclei with distinctive genetics 1 Can do meiosis ii Fungi grow from tip iii Most fungi do sexual reproduction ONLY when times are bad 1 To facilitate genetic diversity iv Life cycle of fungus Figure 31 5 1 Asexual a Spores created from mitosis and fall into mycelium 2 Sexual a Mycelium come together to form plasmogamy b Karyogamy produces zygote c Zygote meiosis spores germination Historical Aspect of Fungi Figure 31 8 a Some diverged to animals and some didn t Chyrtridiomycota a Mycologists study fungi b Have flagella only fungus to have flagellated sperm c Chitin d Absorptive e Basically most characteristics like other fungi except for the flagellated sperm Zygomycetes a Coenocytic b Rhizopus Life Cycle Figure 31 13 1 Aka black bread mold 2 Multicellular 3 No differentiated cell types i Asexual 1 Sporangium releases spores by mitosis ii Sexual 1 Not male or female different mating types a Two types come together plasmogamy i Heterokaryotic state 1 Form young zygosporangium can remain like this for months 2 Produce nuclei karyogamy 3 Diploid nuclei to create sporangium through meiosis 4 Sporangium releases haploid spores VIII IX Glomeromycetes a Often endomycorrhizae inside cells Ascomycetes a Largest group of Fungi b Very diverse c Aka sac fungi d Life cycle 31 17 1 Ex Mildew yeast lichens between fungus and something photosynthetic 2 Sends off sorida when lichen wants to reproduce 3 Ascocarp of fungus i Asexual 1 spore and sporangium ii sexual 1 Candida dust meets with opposite type plasmogamy binds with ascus karyogamy diploid nuclei does meiosis get 4 haploid nuclei which turns into 8 ascospores