PSYC 1000 Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture I. Test Outline of Current Lecture I. Psychological Disordersa. A significant dysfunction in an individual’s cognitions, emotions, or behaviors. b. Mental IllnessII. ADHDa. Impulsivity mixed with Inattention and/or hyperactivity. Can include distractibility, disorganization, fidgeting, difficulty suppressing impulses, and impaired working memory.b. Deviantc. Distressfuld. Dysfunctione. Overdiagnosedf. UnderdiagnosedIII. Biopsychosocial and Medical Modelsa. Biological influenceb. Psychological influencesc. Social-cultural influencesd. Studies how biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors interact to produce specific psychological disordersIV. Classifying Disordersa. Diagnose and then treatb. Pinel’s New Approachc. Medical Modeld. Cultural Influencese. Diagnoses create a verbal shorthand for referring to a list of associated symptomsf. Diagnoses allow us to statistically study many similar cases, learning to predict outcomesg. Diagnoses can guide treatment choicesh. Diagnostic and Statistical ManualV. Responsibility for one’s actionsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Five “Axes” of Diagnosisb. Critiques with DSMc. Vulnerability Factors and AgesVI. Depressive Disordera. Vicious self-reinforcing cycleb. Depressed mood most of the day, and/orc. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities d. Significant increase or decrease in appetite or weighte. Insomnia, sleeping too much, or disrupted sleep f. Lethargy, or physical agitation g. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day h. Worthlessness, or excessive/inappropriate guilt i. Daily problems in thinking, concentrating, and/or making decisions j. Recurring thoughts of death and suicide k. Per year, depressive episodes happen to about 6 percent of men and about 9 percent of women. l. is more dangerous because of suicide risk.m. has fewer observable symptoms.n. is more lasting than a cold, and is less likely to go away just with time.o. is much less contagious.p. Moodq. Evolutionary Perspectiver. The BrainVII. Mood Disordersa. Major depressive disorder [MDD] is:b. Stuck in the dark withdrawalc. Bipolard. Prevalence and course of depressione. Genetic influences on depressionf. Suicide and self-Injuryg. Negative Moods and Negative thoughtsh. CycleVIII. Social-cognitive Factorsa. Explanatory Styleb. Depression associationCurrent LectureModule 39: Basic Concepts of Psychological Disorders and Mood DisordersI. Psychological Disordersa. A significant dysfunction in an individual’s cognitions, emotions, or behaviors.b. Mental Illnessi. Diagnosable illness that affects a person’s thinking, emotional state, and behavior; disrupts the person’s ability to work, carry outdaily activities, and engage in satisfying relationshipsii. Diagnosed when:1. There is dysfunction, behaviors which are considered maladaptive (interfere with one’s daily life)iii. Symptoms and behaviors1. Distress2. A disturbance in the psychological, biological, or developmental process underlying mental functioning.II. ADHDa. Impulsivity mixed with Inattention and/or hyperactivity. Can include distractibility, disorganization, fidgeting, difficulty suppressing impulses, and impaired working memory.b. Devianti. Impulsiveness or restlessnessc. Distressfuld. Dysfunctione. Overdiagnosedi. when the label is applied to children whose behavior may be a function of immaturity, culture, sleep deprivation, or other learning problems. f. Underdiagnosedi. most frequently in girls with the primarily inattentive type of ADHD, when children are quietly trying to sustain focus but can’t do it.III. Biopsychosocial and Medical Modelsa. Biological influencei. Evolutionii. Individual genesiii. Brain structure and chemistryb. Psychological influencesi. Stressii. Traumaiii. Learned helplessnessiv. Mood-related perceptions and memoriesc. Social-cultural influencesi. Rolesii. Expectationsiii. Definitions of normality and disorderd. Studies how biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors interact to produce specific psychological disordersIV. Classifying Disordersa. Diagnose and then treati. Based on older understanding of psychological disorders, treatments have included: exorcising evil spirits, beatings, caging/restraintb. Pinel’s New Approachi. Proposed that mental disorders were not caused by demonic possession, but by stress and inhumane conditions.ii. “moral treatment” involved gentleness, nature, and social interationc. Medical Modeli. Syphilis1. Causes mental symptoms by infecting the brain suggested a medical model for mental illnessii. Psychopathology1. Illness of the mindiii. Diagnosed1. Labeled as a collection of symptoms that tend to go togetheriv. Treated1. Given therapy with a goal of restoring mental health.d. Cultural Influencesi. Culture-bound syndromes are disorders which only seem to exist within certain cultures; they demonstrate how culture can play a role in both causing and defining a disordere. Diagnoses create a verbal shorthand for referring to a list of associated symptomsf. Diagnoses allow us to statistically study many similar cases, learning to predict outcomesg. Diagnoses can guide treatment choicesh. Diagnostic and Statistical Manuali. It’s easier to count cases of autism if we have a clear definition.ii. Versions: DSM-IV-TR, DSM-V (May 2013)iii. The DSM is used to justify payment for treatment.iv. It’s consistent with diagnoses used by medical doctors worldwide.V. Responsibility for one’s actionsa. Five “Axes” of Diagnosisi. Axis I:1. Using specifically defined criteria, clinicians may select none, one, or more syndromes.2. Clinical Syndromeii. Axis II: 1. Clinician may or may not select one of these two conditions2. Personality disorder or mental retardation, intellectual developmental disorderiii. Axis III:1. General medical condition: diabetes, arthritis, or hypertensioniv. Axis IV:1. Psychosocial or Environmental problems, school or housingissuesv. Axis V:1. Clinicians assign a code from 0-1002. Global assessment of the person’s functioningb. Critiques with DSMi. Calls too many people “disordered”ii. Border between diagnoses or normal seems arbitraryiii. Value Judgmentsiv. How we view and interpret the world, which behavior and mental states to see as disorderedc. Vulnerability Factors and Agesi. Poverty1. Increases the