PSYC 1000 1st Edition Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture Test 1Outline of Current Lecture I. Mind Functioninga. Neurons and how they communicateb. Systems that build the mindc. Slow communicating Endocrine system (hormones)II. Biology of “self”a. Where is the identity?b. Biological PsychologistIII. Structure of a NeuronIV. How neurons communicateV. Roles of NeurotransmittersVI. Serotonin Pathwaysa. Regulate moodVII. Dopamine Pathwaysa. Focuses attention and controlling movementVIII. Nervous SystemIX. Inner and outer parts of the Nervous Systema. Brain and spinal cord is the body’s decision makerX. Types of NeuronsXI. Autonomic Nervous Systema. Sympathetic NS arouses(fight or flight)b. Parasympathetic NS calms(rest and digest)XII. The Endocrine Systema. Message systemCurrent Lecture: Neural and Hormonal SystemI. Mind Functioninga. Neurons and how they communicateb. Systems that build the mindi. Nervous Systemc. Slow communicating Endocrine system (hormones)II. Biology of “self”These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Where is the identity?i. Brainii. Heartiii. Whole bodyb. Biological Psychologisti. Explore the associations between body, mind, and behavior.III. Structure of a Neurona. Cell Bodyb. Dendrites: receives messages from other cellsc. Axon: passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glandsd. Neural impulse: electrical signal traveling down the axone. Terminal: forms junctions with other cellsf. Myelin sheath: covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulsesIV. How neurons communicatea. Receives signal from other neurons (fire or not to fire)b. Threshold is reached, action potential starts movingi. Threshold: reached when excitatory signals outweigh the inhibitory signals by a certain amountc. Acton potential travels down the axon form the cell body to the terminal branches i. Action potential: a neural impulse that travels down an axon like a waved. Signal is transmitted to another cell. The message must find a way to cross a gap between cells (also called the synapse).i. Synapse: area between two cells “synaptic junction” or “synaptic gap”e. neurotransmitters are chemicals used to send a signal across the synaptic gapf. Reputakei. Recycling Neurotransmitters NT’sii. After the neurotransmitters stimulate the receptors on the receiving V. Roles of Neurotransmittersa. Serotonini. Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousalii. Problems include undersupply linked to depression, some antidepressant drugs raise serotonin levelsb. Dopaminei. Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotionii. Problems include oversupply linked to schizophrenia; undersupply linked to tremors and decreased mobility in Parkinson’s disease and ADHDc. Acetylcholine (Ach)i. Enable muscle action, learning, and memoryii. Problems include ACh- producing neurons deteriorate as Alzheimer’s disease progressesd. Norepinephrinei. Helps control alertness and arousalii. Problems involve and undersupply that can depress mood and cause ADHD- like attention problemse. GABA gamma-aminobutyric acidi. A major inhibitory neurotransmitterii. Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomniaf. Glutamatei. A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memoryii. Oversupply can overstimulate the brain, producing migraines or seizures; this is why some people avoid MSG in foodVI. Serotonin Pathwaysa. Regulate moodVII. Dopamine Pathwaysa. Focuses attention and controlling movementVIII. Nervous Systema. Peripherali. Autonomic(Controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands)1. Sympathetic-arousing2. Parasympathetic-calmingii. Somatic (movements of skeletal muscles)b. Central (brain and spinal cord)IX. Inner and outer parts of the Nervous Systema. Brain and spinal cord is the body’s decision makerX. Types of Neuronsa. Sensory Neurons: carry messages in from the body’s tissues and sensory receptors to the CNS for processingb. Motor neurons: carry instructions OUT form the CNS out to the body’s tissuesc. Interneurons: in the brain and spinal cord; process information between the sensory input and motor outputXI. Autonomic Nervous Systema. Sympathetic NS arouses(fight or flight)b. Parasympathetic NS calms(rest and digest)XII. The Endocrine Systema. A set of glands that produce chemical messengers called hormones.i. Hypothalamus: brain region controlling the pituitary glandii. Thyroid gland: metabolismiii. Adrenal glands: trigger the fight or flight responseiv. Testis: male sex hormonesv. Pituitary glad: secretes many different hormonesvi. Parathyroid: regulate the level of calcium in the bloodvii. Pancreas: regulates blood sugar levelviii. Ovary: female sex organb. Message systemi. Messages are sent through the blood streamii. Hormones are produced in various glands around the bodyiii. Messages go to the brain and other tissuesiv. Pituitary gland in “master gland” of the endocrine systemv. Controlled through the nervous system by the nearby brain area, the hypothalamusvi. Pituitary gland produces hormones that regulate other glandsDopamineNeurotransmitter in the brainSchizophreniaBi-polarParkasinsTeretsDepressionAnxiety
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