PSYC 1000 Lecture 20 Outline of Last Lecture I. Anxiety Disordersa. Our self-protective, risk-reduction instincts in overdrivei. Generalized Anxiety Disorder1. Painful worrying2. Emotional-cognitivea. Symptoms include worrying, having anxious feelingsb. Physical symptoms include autonomic arousalii. Panic Disorder1. Fear of the next attack2. Not just an “anxiety attack”3. Chest pains, choking, numbness, or other frightening physicaliii. Phobias1. Don’t even show me a picture2. More than just a strong fear or dislikea. Uncontrollable, irrational, intense desire to avoid the someobject or situation3. Agoraphobiaa. Avoidance of situations in which one will fear having a panic attack4. Social Phobiaa. Intense fear of being watched and judged by others, often showing as a fear of possibly embarrassing public appearancesiv. OCD1. Obsessions are intense, unwanted worries, ideas, and images that repeatedly pop up in the mind2. Compulsion is a repeatedly strongv. PTSD1. Stuck re-experiencing trauma2. Repeated intrusive recall of those memories3. Nightmares and other re experiencingb. Causesi. Fear conditioningii. Observational learningiii. Genetic/evolutionary predispositionsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iv. Brain involvementII. Understanding Anxiety Disorders:a. Classical conditioningb. Operant conditionOutline of Current Lecture I. Dissociative Disordersa. Dissociation: b. Dissociative disorder:c. Dissociative Fugue stated. Dissociative Identity Disorder (D.I.D.)II. Eating Disordersa. unrealistic body image and extreme body ideal.b. a desire to control food and the body when one’s situation can’t be controlled. c. cycles of depression.d. health problems. e. Anorexia Nervosaf. Bulimia Nervosag. Binge-Eating Disorderh. FactorsIII. Personality Disordersa. Personality disordersb. Anxious:c. Eccentric/Odd: d. Dramatic:IV. Antisocial Personality Disorder [APD]a. Antisocial personality disorder: b. The diagnostic criteria c. Psychological factors:d. Biological APD Risk FactorsCurrent LectureTest ReviewsModule 39, 40, 41I. Dissociative Disordersa. Dissociation: i. a separation of conscious awareness from thoughts, memory, bodily sensations, feelings, or even from identity. b. Dissociative disorder:i. dysfunction and distress caused by chronic and severe dissociation.c. Dissociative Fugue statei. Fugue = “Running away”; wandering away from one’s life, memory, and identity, with no memory of themd. Dissociative Identity Disorder (D.I.D.)i. Development of separate personalitiesii. “Multiple Personality Disorder”iii. Personalities: 1. are distinct, and not present in consciousness at the same time.2. may or may not appear to be aware of each other.3. different brain wave patterns.4. different left-right handedness.5. different visual acuity and eye muscle balance patterns.6. Patients with D.I.D. also show heightened activity in areas of the brain associated with managing and inhibiting traumatic memories.iv. Alternative Explanations for D.I.D.1. Dissociative “identities” might just be an extreme form of playing a role.2. D.I.D. in North America might be a recent cultural construction, similar to the idea of being possessed by evil spirits.3. Cases of D.I.D. might be created or worsened by therapists encouraging people to think of different parts of themselves.v. Psychoanalytic perspective:1. diverting idvi. Cognitive perspective:1. coping with abusevii. Learning perspective:1. dissociation paysII. Eating Disordersa. unrealistic body image and extreme body ideal.b. a desire to control food and the body when one’s situation can’t be controlled. c. cycles of depression.d. health problems. e. Anorexia Nervosai. Compulsion to lose weight, coupled with certainty about being fat despitebeing 15 percent or underweightf. Bulimia Nervosai. Compulsion to binge, eating large amounts of fats, then purge by losing the food through vomiting, laxatives, and extreme exerciseg. Binge-Eating Disorderi. Compulsion to binge, followed by guilt and depressionh. Factorsi. Family factors: 1. having a mother focused on her weight, and on child’s appearanceand weight2. negative self-evaluation in the family3. for bulimia, if childhood obesity runs in the family4. for anorexia, if families are competitive, high-achieving, and protectiveii. Cultural factors:1. unrealistic ideals of body appearanceIII. Personality Disordersa. Personality disordersi. are enduring patterns of social and other behavior that impair social functioning.b. Anxious:i. Avoidant P.D., ruled by fear of social rejectionc. Eccentric/Odd: i. Schizoid P.D., with flat affect, no social attachmentsd. Dramatic: i. Histrionic, attention-seeking; narcissistic, self-centered; antisocial, amoralIV. Antisocial Personality Disorder [APD]a. Antisocial personality disorder: i. Persistently acting without conscience, without a sense of guilt for harm done to others (strangers and family alike).b. The diagnostic criteria i. Deceitfulnessii. Disregard for safety of self or othersiii. Aggressivenessiv. Failure to conform to social normsv. Lack of remorsevi. Impulsivity and failure to plan aheadvii. Irritabilityviii. Irresponsibility regarding jobs, family, and moneyix. About half of children with persistent antisocial behavior develop lifelong APD.c. Psychological factors:i. those who in preschool were impulsive, uninhibited, unconcerned with social rewards, and low in anxiety. ii. those who endured child abuse, and/or inconsistent, unavailable caretaking.d. Biological APD Risk Factorsi. Antisocial or unemotional biological relatives increases risk.ii. à Some associated genes have been identified.iii. Lower levels of stress hormones and low physiological arousal in stressful situations iv. Fear conditioning is impaired.v. Reduced prefrontal cortex tissue leads to impulsivity.vi. Substance dependence is more