PSYC 1000 Lecture 19 Outline of Last Lecture SchizophreniaI. Schizophreniaa. the mind is split from reality, e.g. a split from one’s own thoughts so that they appear as hallucinations. “schizein” – split; “phren” – mindb. Symptomsi. disorganized and/or delusional thinking.ii. disturbed perceptions.iii. inappropriate emotions and actions. iv. Positive1. presence of problematic behaviorsa. Hallucinations (illusory perceptions), especially auditory b. Delusions (illusory beliefs), especially persecutoryc. Disorganized thought and nonsensical speechd. Bizarre behaviorsv. Negative 1. absence of healthy behaviorsa. Flat affect (no emotion showing in the face)b. Reduced social interactionc. Anhedonia (no feeling of enjoyment)d. Avolition (less motivation, initiative, focus on tasks)e. Alogia (speaking less)f. Catatonia (movingc. Psychosis i. refers to a mental split from reality and rationality.II. Thinking and Speakinga. Disorganized speech, including the “word salad” of loosely associated phrasesb. Delusions (illusory beliefs), often bizarre and not just mistaken; most common are delusions of grandeur and of persecutionc. Problems with selective attention, difficulty filtering thoughts and choosing which thoughts to believe and to say out loudIII. Disrupted Perceptionsa. People with schizophrenia often experience hallucinations, that is, perceptual experiences not shared by others.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. The most common form of hallucination is hearing voices that no one else hears, often with upsetting (e.g. shaming) content.c. Hallucinations can also be visual, olfactory/smells, tactile/touch, or gustatory/taste.IV. Emotions and Actoinsa. Odd and socially inappropriate responses such as looking bored or amused while hearing of a deathb. Flat affect: facial/body expression is “flat” with no visible emotional contentc. Impaired perception of emotions, including not “reading” others’ intentions and feelingsd. The schizophrenic body exhibits symptoms such as: e. repetitive behaviors i. such as rocking and rubbing. f. catatonia, i. such as sitting motionless and unresponsive for hours.V. Developmenta. Onset: i. Typically, schizophrenic symptoms appear at the end of adolescence and in early adulthood, later for women than for men.b. Prevalence: i. Nearly 1 in 100 people develop schizophrenia, slightly more men than women. c. Development: i. The course of schizophrenia can be acute/reactive or chronic.d. Acute/Reactive Schizophrenia In reaction to stress, some people develop positivesymptoms such as hallucinations. e. Recovery is likelyf. Chronic/Process Schizophrenia develops slowly, with more negative symptoms .g. With treatment and support, there may be periods of a normal life, but not a cure.h. Without treatment, this type of schizophrenia often leads to poverty and social problems.VI. Subtypesa. Paranoidi. Plagued by hallucinations, often with negative messages, and delusions, both grandiose and persecutory b. Disorganizedi. Primary symptoms are flat affect, incoherent speech, and random behaviorc. Catatonici. Rarely initiating or controlling movement; copies others’ speech and actionsd. Undifferentiatedi. Varied symptomse. Residuali. Withdrawal continues after positive symptoms have disappeared VII. Brain Structure and Activitya. Too many dopamine/D4 receptors help to explain paranoia and hallucinations; it’s like taking amphetamine overdoses all the time.b. Poor coordination of neural firing in the frontal lobes impairs judgment and self-control.c. The thalamus fires during hallucinations as if real sensations were being received.d. There is general shrinking of many brain areas and connections between them.VIII. Risk Factorsa. low birth weightb. maternal diabetesc. older paternal aged. faminee. oxygen deprivation during deliveryf. maternal virus during mid-pregnancy impairing brain development Schizophreniais more likely to develop in babies born: g. during and after flu epidemics.h. in densely populated areas.i. a few months after flu season.j. after mothers had the flu during the second trimester, or had antibodies showingviral infection.IX. Genetic Factorsa. If one twin has schizophrenia, the chance of the other one also having it are much greater if the twins are identical.b. Having adoptive siblings (or parents) with schizophrenia does not increase the likelihood of developing schizophrenia.c. Even in quadruplets, genetics do not fully predict schizophrenia.d. This could be because of environmental differences.e. First difference: twins in separate placentas. Outline of Current Lecture Other DisordersI. Anxiety Disordersa. Our self-protective, risk-reduction instincts in overdrivei. Generalized Anxiety Disorder1. Painful worrying2. Emotional-cognitivea. Symptoms include worrying, having anxious feelingsb. Physical symptoms include autonomic arousalii. Panic Disorder1. Fear of the next attack2. Not just an “anxiety attack”3. Chest pains, choking, numbness, or other frightening physicaliii. Phobias1. Don’t even show me a picture2. More than just a strong fear or dislikea. Uncontrollable, irrational, intense desire to avoid the someobject or situation3. Agoraphobiaa. Avoidance of situations in which one will fear having a panic attack4. Social Phobiaa. Intense fear of being watched and judged by others, often showing as a fear of possibly embarrassing public appearancesiv. OCD1. Obsessions are intense, unwanted worries, ideas, and images that repeatedly pop up in the mind2. Compulsion is a repeatedly strongv. PTSD1. Stuck re-experiencing trauma2. Repeated intrusive recall of those memories3. Nightmares and other reexperiencingb. Causesi. Fear conditioningii. Observational learningiii. Genetic/evolutionary predispositionsiv. Brain involvementII. Understanding Anxiety Disorders:a. Classical conditioningb. Operant conditionCurrent LectureOther DisordersIII. Anxiety Disordersa. Our self-protective, risk-reduction instincts in overdrivei. Generalized Anxiety Disorder1. Painful worrying2. Emotional-cognitivea. Symptoms include worrying, having anxious feelingsb. Physical symptoms include autonomic arousalii. Panic Disorder1. Fear of the next attack2. Not just an “anxiety attack”3. Chest pains, choking, numbness, or other frightening physicaliii. Phobias1. Don’t even show me a picture2. More than just a