PSYC 1000 Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I. Physical Developmenta. Lifespan perspective b. Adolescencec. Puberty d. Effects of Early Physical Maturation:e. Brain DevelopmentII. Cognitive Developmenta. Jean Piagetb. Egocentrismc. Adolescents are in the formal operational staged. Moral ReasoningOutline of Current Lecture I. Moral Intuitiona. Moral decisions are driven by thisb. Based off emotionsc. Moral actionII. Psychosocial Development: Erikson’s StagesIII. Social Development: Erik Eriksona. form an identity b. Adolescents may try out different “selves” in different roles with peers, with parents, and with teachers.c. role confusion IV. Other Eriksonian stages on the minds of adolescentsV. Peer InfluenceVI. Adulthooda. Physical Changes in Middle Adulthood and in Later Life Cognitive Development and declineb. Social Developmentc. Well-Being across the Lifespand. Dying and Deathe. Physical Developmentf. physical declineThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.g. lifespan and deathh. sensory changesi. Cognitive Developmentj. memoryk. Social Developmentl. commitmentsVII. Adult Physical Developmenta. In our mid-20’s, we reach a peak in the natural physical abilities which come with biological maturation:b. Muscular strengthc. cardiac outputd. reaction timee. Sensory sensitivityVIII. Physical Changes: Middle AdulthoodIX. The Aging BodyX. Life Expectancya. Nurture/Environmentb. GenesXI. Physical Changes with AgeXII. Health/Immunity Changes with AgeXIII. Exercise Can Slow the Aging ProcessXIV. Changes in the Brain with AgeXV. Alzheimer’s Disease a. Dementia, including the Alzheimer’s type, is NOT a “normal” part of aging.b. Dementia SymptomsCurrent LectureI. Moral Intuitiona. Moral decisions are driven by thisb. Based off emotionsi. Disgustii. Elevated feelingsc. Moral actioni. Character education1. Empathy for the feelings of others2. Self- discipline, the ability to resist impulses3. Delaying gratification to plan for larger goals4. Experience serving others/ the greater goodII. Psychosocial Development: Erikson’s Stagesa. Proposes development occurs in eight successive stages corresponding with age.b. Each age involves an “issue,” a psychological challenge in managing our interaction with the social world.c. The “vs.” part: there is tension between two opposing tendencies. Ex. “identity vs role confusion”d. Successfully resolving this tension gives us strengths that help us move to the next stage.e. Not resolving this tension can lead to lifelong emotional and social difficulties. III. Social Development: Erik Eriksona. form an identity i. lifelong psychosocial development sees adolescence as a struggle to, a sense of self.b. Adolescents may try out different “selves” in different roles with peers, with parents, and with teachers.c. role confusion i. test and integrate the roles/selves in order to prevent (which of those selves, or what combination, is really me?).IV. Other Eriksonian stages on the minds of adolescentsa. While currently in the identity vs. role confusion stage,b. adolescents have ideally just finished working through the tension of competence vs. inferiority.c. They are ready after adolescence to take on the challenge of intimacy vs. isolation.V. Peer Influencea. The degree of peer influence is hard to trace. Apparent conformity (the whole group smokes) could be a selection effect (they get together because they want to be with others who like to smoke).b. Interaction with peers can teach new social skills. c. Parents may try to have indirect influence by selecting a child’s peers, such as by selecting a school or neighborhood. However, ultimately, most children self-select their peers.d. During adolescence, peer relationships take center stage.e. Conflicts arise in this stage, especially with first born children. f. The challenge: finding how adolescent relationships with peers and with parents can coexist well, rather than being in conflict. VI. Adulthooda. Physical Changes in Middle Adulthood and in Later Life: Life expectancy, Sensory changes, Dementias including Alzheimer’s Diseaseb. Cognitive Development and declinec. Social Development: Love, Workd. Well-Being across the Lifespane. Dying and Deathf. Physical Developmentg. physical declineh. lifespan and deathi. sensory changesj. Cognitive Developmentk. memoryl. Social Developmentm. commitmentsVII. Adult Physical Developmenta. In our mid-20’s, we reach a peak in the natural physical abilities which come with biological maturation:b. Muscular strengthc. cardiac outputd. reaction timee. Sensory sensitivityVIII. Physical Changes: Middle Adulthooda. Between ages 40 and 60, physical vitality (such as endurance and strength) may still be more of a function of lifestyle than of biological decline.b. Some changes are still driven by genetic maturation, especially the end of our reproductive years. c. End of reproductive yearsd. gradual decline in sexual activity in adulthood, although sexuality can continue throughout life.e. Around age 50, women enter menopause (the end of being able to get pregnant).f. According to evolutionary psychologists, why might it make sense for women’s fertility to end?IX. The Aging Bodya. Potential lifespan for the human body is estimated to be about 122 years.b. Life expectancy refers to the average expected life span. c. The worldwide average has increased from 49 in 1950 to 69 in 2010. In 2012:i. South Africa—49ii. Cameroon—55iii. Pakistan—66iv. Thailand--74v. United States--75 vi. Ireland--80vii. Australia—82viii. Japan--84d. More Aged Womene. The rise in life expectancy, combined with declining birth rates, means a higher percentage of the world’s population is old.f. More elderly people are women because more men die than women at every age. By age 100, women outnumber men by a ratio of 5 to 1.X. Life Expectancya. Nurture/Environmenti. An accumulation of stress, damage, and disease wears us down until one of these factors kills us.b. Genesi. Some people have genes that protect against some kinds of damage. ii. Even with great genes and environment, telomeres (the tips at the end of chromosomes) wear down with every generation of cell duplication and we stop healing well.XI. Physical Changes with Agea. visual acuity, both sharpness and brightnessb. hearing, especially sensing higher pitchc. reaction time