PSY 1000 Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. How to Study Psychologya. Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review (SQ3R) II. History of Psychologya. Important Peopleb. TheoriesIII. 3 Forces of PsychologyOutline of Current Lecture I. Scientific Methoda. Basic Toolsb. Research Goals/TypesII. Research Methodsa. Case study Methodb. Surveyc. Naturalistic ObservationIII. Ethical GuidelinesCurrent LectureMain Questions: What is the scientific method, and what are its four general steps? What are the major research methods psychologists use? What ethical guidelines must psychologists follow in their research?I. The Scientific Method is the process of testing our ideas about the world.a. Basic Tools:i. Theory- a set of principals, built on observations and other verifiable facts, that explains some phenomenon and predicts its future behavior.ii. Hypothesis- a testable prediction consistent with our theoryiii. Operational Definitionsiv. Replicationb. Research Goals/ TypesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Description- observes and records behaviorii. Correlation- an observation that two traits or attributes are related to each other. How well you can predict a change in one from observing a change in the other.1. Correlation coefficient is a number representing how closely and in what way two variables change each other. Direction of the correlation can be positive or negative. Strength of the relationship is measured in a number that varies from 0.00 to +/- 1.00.iii. Predictioniv. Causationv. Experiments- a type of research in which the researcher carefully manipulates a limited number of factors and measures the impact on other factors.II. Research Methodsa. Case Study Method- in-depth study of one or more individualsi. Information drawn from interviews, observation of written recordsii. Problem with case studies is that the memory causes limitations, withholds information, concerns over others impressions, interviewers may hear only what is expected to hear.b. Survey- method of gathering information about many peoples thoughts or behaviors through self-report rather than by observation.i. Must be careful of wording of questionsii. Question a wide rangeiii. Limitation of memoryiv. Social desirability biasv. Volunteer biasc. Naturalistic Observation- observing “natural behavior” by just watching and not trying to change anything.i. Used to study more than one individual to find truths that apply to a broader population.ii. Observers avoid interfering with behaviors and allow time for subjects to become accustomed to them.iii. Problems include different behavior and potential observer biasIII. Ethical Guidelinesa. Purpose of code of ethics is to respect the dignity and welfare of clients and research participants. b. Role of ethics review committeesc. Role of informed consentd. Use of deceptive practicese. Importance of confidentialityf. Ethical guidelines for animal researchg. IRB – institutional review boardh. Consent- participants know and agree to nature of research.i. Confidentiality-identity and participation is private; names not publishedj. Protection form Harmk. Citing Soucesi.