Phonological features“phonologically active” phonetic properties • phonetic properties that must be grammatically specified • thus, necessary in distinguishing words• or, in describing sound alternations that accompany word formation• note: citation speech, not connected speechWhat phonetic properties are phonologically active?• First answer refers to distinguishing words: lexical contrast• The pair “bill” vs. “pill” is evidence that aspiration or voicing is phonologically active in English• broad phonetic transcription, attending only to contrastive properties is a type of phonological analysis of language.Focus only on lexical contrast is too shallow, cursory to permit an insightful analysis of language sound systems. • nasal place assimilation in intolerant [ɪn-t]illogical [ɪl-l]impossible [ɪm-p]inconsiderate [ɪŋ-k]Alternation of the form of the prefix [ɪn] suggests that there is a phonologically active property called “place of articulation” that should be referenced in a statement of the linguistic generalization.Instead of /n/ becomes bilabial before bilabialsand /n/ becomes lateral before lateralsand /n/ becomes velar before velars• we say /n/ takes the same place of articulation as the following consonant.• this is evidence that the grammar of English should include the concept“place of articulation”.• Note, it could have been different.So far we have been focussed on sound patterns and features of soundslooking only at lexical contrast.Implicitly we have assumed that phonetic properties should be organized in groups like “place of articulation” without giving anyevidence that this type of organization is actually needed in descriptionsof language sound patterns.We haven’t justified the “natural classes” of speech sounds that the IPAchart assumes, except to note that phonetically certain sounds share certain properties.e.g. rounded vowelsLip rounding is a phonetic property of some vowels.[u] [o] [y] [ø], etc.• Is this a phonological property?• How to find out – look for alternations that refer to vowel rounding.• Consider an example from Turkishgloss Nom.sg. Gen.sg. Nom.pl. Gen. pl.“rope” ip ipin ipler iplerin“hand” el elin eller ellerin“girl” kɨz kɨzɨn kɨzlar kɨzlarɨn“face” jyz jyzyn jyzler jyzlerin“stamp” pul pulun pullar pullarɨn“stalk” sap sapɨn saplar saplarɨn“village” køj køjyn køjler køjlerin“end” son sonun sonlar sonlarɨnClements, George N. and Engin Sezer. (1982). Vowel and consonant disharmony in Turkish. In Harry van der Hulst and Norval Smith, eds., The Structure of Phonological Representations, Part II. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.gloss Nom.sg. Gen.sg. Nom.pl. Gen. pl.“rope” ip ipin ipler iplerin“hand” el elin eller ellerin“girl” kɨz kɨzɨn kɨzlar kɨzlarɨn“face” jyz jyzyn jyzler jyzlerin“stamp” pul pulun pullar pullarɨn“stalk” sap sapɨn saplar saplarɨn“village” køj køjyn køjler køjlerin“end” son sonun sonlar sonlarɨnClements, George N. and Engin Sezer. (1982). Vowel and consonant disharmony in Turkish. In Harry van der Hulst and Norval Smith, eds., The Structure of Phonological Representations, Part II. Dordrecht: Foris Publications. Gen.sg. suffix has a round vowel (-yn or -un)gloss Nom.sg. Gen.sg. Nom.pl. Gen. pl.“rope” ip ipin ipler iplerin“hand” el elin eller ellerin“girl” kɨz kɨzɨn kɨzlar kɨzlarɨn“face” jyz jyzyn jyzler jyzlerin“stamp” pul pulun pullar pullarɨn“stalk” sap sapɨn saplar saplarɨn“village” køj køjyn køjler køjlerin“end” son sonun sonlar sonlarɨnClements, George N. and Engin Sezer. (1982). Vowel and consonant disharmony in Turkish. In Harry van der Hulst and Norval Smith, eds., The Structure of Phonological Representations, Part II. Dordrecht: Foris Publications. When the noun stem has a round vowelHere we discovered a phonologically active feature by observing a grammatically significant phonetic alternation.• the Genitive Singular suffix could be either produced with an unrounded vowel [-in] or [-ɨn],• or it could be produced with a rounded vowel [-un] or [-yn].The set of vowels that is associated with the rounded versions of the suffix are: [y], [u], [ø], and [o]. These vowels constitute a natural class in Turkish – the round vowels.i i y u e a ø ohigh + + + +back + + + +round + + + +Phonologically active properties of vowels in Turkish - aka the vowel feature specifications for Turkishgloss Nom.sg. Gen.sg. Nom.pl. Gen. pl.“rope” ip ipin ipler iplerin“hand” el elin eller ellerin“girl” kɨz kɨzɨn kɨzlar kɨzlarɨn“face” jyz jyzyn jyzler jyzlerin“stamp” pul pulun pullar pullarɨn“stalk” sap sapɨn saplar saplarɨn“village” køj køjyn køjler køjlerin“end” son sonun sonlar sonlarɨnClements, George N. and Engin Sezer. (1982). Vowel and consonant disharmony in Turkish. In Harry van der Hulst and Norval Smith, eds., The Structure of Phonological Representations, Part II. Dordrecht: Foris Publications. ⒈ When is the Gen.sg. suffix [-in] and when is it [-ɨn]?⒉ When is the Gen.sg. suffix [-yn] and when is it [-un]?⒊ What feature is suggested by this