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Notes on IntonationI. Just for fun:How many intonation patterns can you use when producing the following phrases?1. “hello”2. “hmm”3. “yeah”How many phrases can you produce with the same intonation pattern?1. “what’s up?”2. “Didya do your homework?”3. “I’ll have an apple and an orange?”Produce the following phrase with various emphasized words:“I enjoy speaking with you”Let’s think about how to describe pitch movements.Consider again how to describe the various ways of saying “hello”.movement between H (high) and L (low) tonal targets.targetsConsider again the different phrases that you can say on the same “tune”.“what’s up?”“didya do your homework?”“I’ll have an apple and an orange?”Some tones (H or L) are associated with stressed syllablesSome are associated with phrasesassociationConsider the following sentences. They can be produced in different ways depending on the speaker’s meaning.“what’s in the road ahead”“woman without her man is nothing”What changes in these utterances that changes the meaning?phrasingII. A systematic description of American English intonation needs to include the following:• a description of the pitch changes associated with stressed syllables• a description of the pitch changes associaated with phrase endingsPitch Accents in EnglishPitch accents are:F0 tonal targets realized on stressed syllablesNot every content word or multisyllabic word has a pitch accent.simple accents: H* L* bitonal accents: L+H* L*+H H*+L H+L*An example of a bi-tonal accent.A: British food is spicier than Thai food. H* H* H*B: Thai food is spicier. L+H*Chunking information into phrasesSay this as a phone number:1234567Say this as a SS#:123456789Contrast how you say these:12/(3X2) = 2(12/3)*2 = 8Describing phrasesIntermediate phrases“I went to the store to buy some food” L* H- H* L-Intonation phrases“I went to the store to buy some food” L* H- H* L-L%“Did you walk to the store?” L* H-H%Key functions of intonation across languages:word level informationprosodic structure of words - stress or accent classdiscourse prominencechunkingA note on “stress” in English --- the prosodic hierarchyOne syllable in English multisyllabic words seems to be more prominent than the others:diplomat diplomatic diplomacyphotograph photographic photographymonotone monotonic monotonyDegrees of stress:In some longer words we seem to have more than one stressed syllable, but still one “primary” stress.multiplication [mltplken]The “stressed” syllable in EnglishConsider stress shift:“Not an Arabic expert, but a Chinese expert.”“Not a German appliance, but a Chinese appliance”Which syllable is more prominent in “Chinese” in these sentences?Chinese expert vs. Chinese applianceConsider now “stress” in these utterances:“I’ve already met a Chinese expert.”“I don’t really need a Chinese appliance.”Which syllable of Chinese is stressed in these?“stress” in English is all tied up with intonational tunes.• When the word has a H tonal target on it we can tell where the stress is. No tonal target, no “stress”.• The “stressed” syllable is thus the syllable that tonal targets associate with.Chinese expertChinese applianceConsider primary and secondary stress:It is much easier to “hear” secondary stress when both the priamary and secondary syllables have tonal targets:multiplication vs multiplication H H HA “prominence hierarchy” for English:1. syllabic segments are more prominent than nonsyllabic segments > A “prominence hierarchy” for English:2. full vowels are more prominent than reduced vowels.tense vowels and diphthongs are more prominent than others.reduced full“vita” “veto”“breakfast” “steadfast”“banana” “bandana”Words with two full vowels: “veto” “gymnast”More common - alternating: “explanation” [ksplnen]A “prominence hierarchy” for English:3. Accented vowel (aligned with tonal target) are more prominent.explanation Honly one of the two full vowels in “explanation” is accented.A “prominence hierarchy” for English:4. The last accent of a phrase is more prominent than earlier ones. (called the “nuclear” accent, or the “tonic” accent).the explanation was ludicrous H HThis prosodic hierarchy gives us a grid for ‘explanation’tonic xaccent xfull x x syll x x x xexplanationConsider again stress shift on Chinesetonic x xaccent x x x xfull x x x x x x xsyll x x x x x x x x xChinese expert Chinese appliancebut when there is no accent on these words there is no stress clash - no accent to move, hence no stress shift.tonic accentfull x x x x x x xsyll x x x x x x x x xChinese expert Chinese


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