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Applied Phonetics: Portuguese Text-to-SpeechArlo FariaUniversity of California, BerkeleyLinguistics 110: Prof. Ian MaddiesonContents1 Introduction 12 The phonetics of Portuguese 22.1 Historical Background and Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2 Vowels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2.1 The principal vowels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2.2 Diphthongs (and Triphthongs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2.3 Nasal vowels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.3 Consonants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.4 Syllable Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.4.1 Onsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.4.2 Rhymes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.5 Lexical Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 The orthography of Portuguese 103.1 Vowels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.1.1 Distribution of high-mid and low-mid vowels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.1.2 A note on vowels and accent marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.1.3 Diphthongs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.2 Consonants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.3 Nasalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.4 Syllable structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173.5 Lexical Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Text-to-speech Implementation 204.1 Components of text-to-speech synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204.2 Text preprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214.3 Word pronunciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224.3.1 Letter-to-phone mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224.3.2 Syllable parsing and stress assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.4 Prosody and Signal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Conclusion 24A Recorded Data 28A.1 Recording Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28A.2 Measurement of vowels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29A.3 Diphthongs and Nasals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30A.4 Consonants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30A.5 Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30A.6 High-mid vs. low-mid vowel perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Applied Phonetics: Portuguese Text-to-SpeechArlo FariaUniversity of California, BerkeleyLinguistics 110: Prof. Ian MaddiesonMay 16, 2003AbstractThis paper describes a text-to-speech application for a variety of Brazilian Por-tuguese. After presenting the language’s phonetic attributes, the orthographic systemis examined and shown to be a function that maps letters to these sounds. Given theorthography’s phonological regularity, it is simple to implement the textual analysisportion of a speech synthesis system, as I demonstrate with some simple Perl code.1 IntroductionFor decades, technologists have been predicting that computers will radically revolutionizethe way we live. Visionaries have long dreamed of a future in which machines are integratedinto nearly every facet of daily life, From artificially intelligent robotic agents to embeddedmicrocomputers in household appliances, it will be virtually impossible to do anything thatis not somehow “wired”. As the power of computing grows exponentially, no one is evenable to imagine the possible applications.At least one thing is certain: human-computer interaction will be far more intricate thantoday’s mouse, keyboard, and monitor interface. More likely, users …


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