Phonology: Cognitive organization of phonetic material [f] and [t] are both voiceless but differ, typically, in word final position.“cat” [kæʔt] glottal stop“laugh” [læf] open glottis Different phonetic gestures to achieve voicelessness.Are they the “same” at some level of cognitive analysis?Consider the English plural“cats” [kæʔt -s]“laughs” [læf -s]vs. “dogs” “eves” or “kisses” “bushes”[f] and [t] belong to the same natural class, • participate together in the group of sounds that take the plural [s]•!despite their phonetic differences.Phonology: cognitive organization of phonetic materialVoiced and voiceless stops in Englishdie – tie /d/ - /t/buy – pie /b/ - /p/gap – cap /g/ - /k/Does the “p” in “spy” belong with the /b/ phoneme or the /p/ phoneme?Does the “p” in “spy” belong with the /b/ phoneme or the /p/ phoneme?Phonetically the “p” in “spy” is more like the “b” in “buy”than the “p” in “pie”Why do we think that [p] and [pʰ] belong together?Look at the patterns of alternation – the cognitive organization emerges (at least partly) om the alternations.⒈ Aspiration is stress dependent• no aspiration in medial position aer stress (note [t] flaps here)ˈhæpi ˈlʌki ˈkʰæmpiŋ ˈsʌkɚ• aspiration in medial position before stressəˈtʰæk əˈpʰɛndɪks əˈkʰɔɹdWhy do we think that [p] and [pʰ] belong together?⒈ Aspiration is stress dependent⒉ Aspiration in semantically related forms“apply” “application” əˈpʰlɑɪˌæplɪˈkʰeɪʃn0“acquire” “acquisition” əˈkʰwɑɪɹ ˌækwɪzɪʃn0Why do we think that [p] and [pʰ] belong together?⒈ Aspiration is stress dependent⒉ Aspiration in semantically related forms⒊ Another alternation - “attack” “attacker” “attackee”əˈtʰæk əˈtʰækɚ əˌtʰæˈkʰisee also “choke” vs. “chokee”and “help” vs. “helpee”So [p] and [pʰ] are associated with each other – • the semantic association between forms in an alternation supports the phonetic association • alternations structure the phonetic form of languageSo [p] and [pʰ] are associated with each other – How to indicate this relationship among phonetic forms?American Structuralist answer (Bloomfield, Hockett, Harris, Jakobson)/p/ = [p],[pʰ],[p˺]a phoneme is a set of related allophonesGenerative answer (Chomsky, Halle)/p/ -> [pʰ] at the beginning of a stressed syllablerules of grammar tell how to pronounce phonemesHow to indicate relationships among phonetic forms.Use phonologically active features to write rules of grammar.instead of writing:/p/ -> [pʰ] at the beginning of a stressed syllable /t/ -> [tʰ] /k/ -> [kʰ] we write:[+cons,-cont,-son,-voi] -> [+s.g.] /
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