Phonology Cognitive organization of phonetic material f and t are both voiceless but di er typically in word final position cat laugh k t glottal stop l f o pen glottis Di erent phonetic gestures to achieve voicelessness Are they the same at some level of cognitive analysis Consider the English plural cats k t s laughs l f s vs dogs eves or kisses bushes f and t belong to the same natural class participate together in the group of sounds that take the plural s despite their phonetic di erences Phonology cognitive organization of phonetic material Voiced and voiceless stops in English die tie d t buy pie b p gap cap g k Does the p in spy belong with the b phoneme or the p phoneme Does the p in spy belong with the b phoneme or the p phoneme Phonetically the p in spy is more like the b in buy than the p in pie Why do we think that p and p belong together Look at the patterns of alternation the cognitive organization emerges at least partly om the alternations Aspiration is stress dependent no aspiration in medial position a er stress note t flaps here h pi l ki k mpi s k aspiration in medial position before stress t k p nd ks k d Why do we think that p and p belong together Aspiration is stress dependent Aspiration in semantically related forms apply application p l acquire acquisition k w pl k e n kw z n Why do we think that p and p belong together Aspiration is stress dependent Aspiration in semantically related forms Another alternation attack t k attacker t k see also choke vs chokee and help vs helpee attackee t k i So p and p are associated with each other the semantic association between forms in an alternation supports the phonetic association alternations structure the phonetic form of language So p and p are associated with each other How to indicate this relationship among phonetic forms American Structuralist answer Bloomfield Hockett Harris Jakobson p p p p a phoneme is a set of related allophones Generative answer Chomsky Halle p p at the beginning of a stressed syllable rules of grammar tell how to pronounce phonemes How to indicate relationships among phonetic forms Use phonologically active features to write rules of grammar instead of writing p p t t k k at the beginning of a stressed syllable we write cons cont son voi s g V stress
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