1 The resonances of a tube closed at both ends are f n nc 2L 2 The resonances of a tube closed at one end and open at the other are f n 2n 1 c 4L c An 2 A b l b l n of the resonator where n refers to the neck of the resonator and b refers to the body 3 The natural resonant frequency of a Helmholtz resonator is f 4 The speed of sound in warm moist air c is 35 000 cm sec 5 The velocity nodes and antinodes of the first four standing waves of the vocal tract are shown in the following figure 1 Phonetic Transcription Write the following sentences in normal English orthography w nts wz j r hu k dn me k p h z ma n w n v r ts st m f hi w d la k t k m aut w m hi w d ants a d no 2 Gestures In the utterances transcribed above there are serveral instances of words that are not pronounced in their typical dictionary pronunciation For example rat is pronounced with a final glottal stop in place of t Pick one such example give the name of the phonological process and describe the pattern of gestural interaction produced the variant found in the transcription 3 IPA symbols Circle the correct symbols a Circle the uvular consonants k H X R N K b Circle the dental consonants n t1 T Z D c Circle the fricatives c j v d Circle the central vowels i u a 1 e Circle the implosives k t d p b 4 Vocal tract resonant frequencies Assume that the vocal tract model below has the following dimensions lb 10 cm lc 2 cm lf 4 cm Ab 3 cm2 and Ac 0 2 cm2 lb Ab lf lc Ac Af a What are the first three formants of this vocal tract Show your work b What IPA symbol would you give to this vocal tract Why c Show how to predict the F2 frequency of this vocal tract using pertubation theory Compare the second formant frequency that you calculated in a with the second formant for this vocal tract that you would predict using perturbation theory 2 5 Phonological analysis The following words of Japanese illustrate some of the consonant and vowel sounds in the language om ntai rubber army troops am je m ji gum game silver kjhi gold ji ko bank kjhi ta north kjhi ta heard kje prefecture kjen its prefectural kokh its ko ko jets national current kokh sai kondo international this time kots ko i this month knack waist komba ko ts kado tonight traffic corner kjhi s kiss ka do cards kh s a grass kasa umbrella kh ma koma tama te ma t i m ts ji s ji bear top the toy ball theme team next Japanese cedar kama kana tomo ts ma t iz t i z ts kjhi rice kettle syllabic writing system friend wife map cheese moon s okh sato s po ts sekjhi dame da e demo dz e very village sports seat useless who demonstration gap lag s akh i ta s to se kjhi dam do o do o d i e mathematics tongue strike century dam dirt road street fret fuss Examine the words carefully and then answer the following questions If you are positing that two or more sounds or sound classes contrast justify your analysis by citing word pairs or larger 3 sets of words that support your analysis If you are positing that they do not contrast state the distributions of the sounds the conditioning environment in a phonological rule a Is vowel length contrastive b Is vowel voicing contrastive c Does labial m contrast with dental n d Does velar contrast with uvular e Do the palatalized velarized stops kjh kj and j contrast with the plain velar stops kh k and f Does contrast with s g Do aspirated kjh and kh contrast with their unaspirated counterparts kj and k h Do the voiceless affricates t and ts contrast with t 4 i Do the voiced affricates d and dz contrast with d 6 Aerodynamics The traces below show the voice fundamental frequency during sustained vowel productions The step function shows a 2 cm H2O pressure change that was introduced into a mask that the speaker was talking into That is during the vowel the intra oral pressure was suddenly increased by 2 cm H2O and then decreased back to normal What happened to the vocal fold vibration as a result of the pressure change and why did it happen 7 Articulation The graphs below from Gick 1999 show acoustic signals of the words leap and peel uttered in the phrase give buttons In addition three movement trajectories show up down or front back motions of the tongue tip tongue dorsum and lower lip during these utterances 5 a Look at the lower lip movement during the word peel After the p closure is released when does the lower lip begin to raise again Provide two possible reasons why the lower lip raises here b For onset l in leap and the coda l in peel the tongue tip goes up and the tongue rear goes back What is different about the relative timing of these gestures in the onset and coda articulations c One of these two l s is velarized more than the other Which one is it and which movement trace indicates velarization 8 Articulation The graph below from Browman Goldstein 1990 shows an acoustic waveform of the phrase nabbed most of the and shows corresponding kinematic signals obtained using X ray microbeam All of the traces in this graph are of the vertical movement of the articulator 6 a Paying careful attention to waveform and the vertical movements of the tongue blade and lower lip provide a phonetic transcription of what you would expect to hear if you listened to this utterance 9 Speculative acoustics Archeologists uncover an ancient burial of a pre homo sapien hominid homo johnnydamonensis The hominid is buried with a clay pot that has a waveform like image etched into it complete with a time axis It makes for a lovely design claim the archeaologists but you a bright young linguist on the team recognize what you are seeing the earliest audio recording 7 a What is the fundamental frequency in the clay pot waveform b Homo johnnydamonensis s body was dismembered in the burial the cultural anthropologist on the team assures us this is traditional in many cultures The oral cavity and the trachea have been separated they are 4 cm and 2 cm respectively Put homo johnnydamonensis back together and provide the first and second formant frequencies of its vocal tract c Given the length of the fosil vocal tract and the fundamental frequency of the clay pot wave form is it plausible to suppose that the waveform of speech produced by homo johnnydamonensis d A physical anthropologist on the research team discovers that homo johnnydamonensis had muscles around its nostrils much like …