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Berkeley LINGUIS 110 - Muscle control and some of the forces involved in speech breathing and voice

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Muscle control and some of the forces involved in speech breathing and voiceForces: • muscle contraction - shorten the muscle• muscle elasticity - return to “resting” length• lung elasticity - return to resting volume• aerodynamic suction - the Bernouli force• aerodynamic pressureIn inhaling, the rib cage is expanded by pulling the ribs up.This is done bythe externalintercostal muscles.In exhaling, the rib cage is deflated by pulling the ribs down.This is done bythe internalintercostal muscles.External intercostal mucles lifting the rib cage, expanding the thoractic cavityInternal intercostal mucles drawing down the rib cage, shrinking the thoractic cavityElectrical activity of the internal and external intercostal muscles during a string of syllables (Draper, Ladefoged Whitteridge, 1960).time (sec)External intercostalsInternal intercostalsSpeech envelopeLung volumeEarly during exhale the main muscle activity is of the “inhaling” muscles - opposing the elastic recoil of muscles and lung tissue.Lung tissue elasticity - imagine blowing up a balloon by pulling on the handle. The elastic surface of the balloon will tend to contract as soon as you stop pulling on the handle.Here we see a similar pattern activity recorded from surface electrodes on the abdomen (exhaling muscles).Electrode placements:UL - upper lateral UM - upper middleLL - lower lateral MM - mid middleLM - lower middleHoit, Plassman, Lansing, and Hixon (1988) Abdominal muscle activity during speech production. Journal of Applied Physiology, 65, 2656-64. The arytenoid cartilages are shaped like pyramids and sit on the upper back edge of the cricoid cartilage. They rotate and slide to adduct or abduct the vocal folds.View of the larynxfrom the backView of the larynxfrom the toplateral cricoarytenoidposterior cricoarytenoidobliquetransverseTo adduct the vocal folds - for voicing or glottal stoplateral cricoarytenoidsinter-arytenoids - oblique and transverseTo abduct the vocal folds - for breathing or voiceless soundsposterior cricoarytenoidsarytenoid cartilageThe length of the vocal folds is altered by changing the angle between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage. When the thyroid is tilted forward the vocal folds are longer and thus thinner and vibrate at a higher rate (thus the voice is higher pitched).When the thyroid is tilted back the vocal folds are shorter and thus thicker and vibrate at a lower rate (thus the voice is lower pitched).cricothyroidTherefore, the main muscle in the larynx that controls pitch (for tone and intonation in language and for carrying a tune in singing) is the cricothyroid.arytenoidcartilageVoicing - phonationthe vocal folds slap together, producing noiseThis is a myoelastic, aerodynamic process123456Air pressure below the glottis forces the vocal folds openMuscle elasticity and the Bernoulli force close the vocal foldsHigh velocity throughnarrow passagenegative pressureperpendicular to direction of flowThe Bernoulli force in phonation.Fas - Fb - Ft = maFas = aerostatic force, pressure on the surface of the vocal foldsFb = Bernoulli forceFt = “tissue” force, muscle elasticitym = mass of the vocal foldsa = acceleration of the vocal


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Berkeley LINGUIS 110 - Muscle control and some of the forces involved in speech breathing and voice

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