DOC PREVIEW
Berkeley LINGUIS 110 - Common Phonological processes -

This preview shows page 1-2-3-4 out of 13 pages.

Save
View full document
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 13 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 13 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 13 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 13 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 13 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience

Unformatted text preview:

Common Phonological processes - There are several kinds of “familiar” processes that are found in many many languages.1. Uncommon processes DO exist.Of course, through the vagaries of history languages can develop highly ideosyncratic patterns.Example: The Indo European RUKI rule: s > S / RUKI ____. This happens in Indo-Iranian, Slavic, and Baltic.RUKI = /r/, /u/, /k/, and /i/ (not a natural class!)2. Common segmental interactions - Assimilations.Adjacent sounds become more similar to each other.Examples:• total assimilationLatin octo > Italian otto 'eight'Old English myln > Modern English millCarribean Spanish (casual speech process) hasta /asta/ > [ahta] > [atta] 'until'• partial assimilationPIE *swep-no > Latin somnus 'sleep' (nasality)Latin lupu > Spanish lobo (voicing)English in-tolerant > intolerant, in-possible > impossible, in-compatible > i[N]compatible (place)English dog[z], rib[z] versus docks and rips. (voice)3. It makes sense to think of this as gestural interaction - o gestures for adjacent segments overlap with each other - nasality overlaps with vowel in campo effects of gestures blend with each other- tongue position in key vs. cooHowever, assimilation at a distance is harder to explain this way4. Assimilation at a distance - a challenge to an articulatory view of assimilation.Consonant harmonyPIE *pekw > Italic *kwekw 'to cook, ripen' (Latin /kokw-/ coquere 'to cook')Vowel harmonyGermanic umlaut /mu:s/ 'mouse' /mu:si/ 'mice' become /mu:s/ /my:s/. With unrounding (y>i) and great vowel shift (u>au and i>ai) we have the modern English pronunciations.5. Common segmental interactions - Dissimilations.Adjacent sounds become more different from each other.Examples:Adjacent sounds may dissimilate:Finnish /kakte-/ > [kahte-na] 'as two' (stop.stop > fric.stop)Greek ptero ~ ftero 'feather'fTinos ~ ftinos ' cheap'Dissimilation at a distance is more common:Latin velal > English velar (note also alveolar, and uvular, but labial, dental, palatal).Grassman's law: Sanskrit bhabhuva > babhuva 'became' (aspiration)Dahl's law: Kikuyu /kikuju/ > /gikuju/ 'Kikuyu' (voicing)K'iche kaq > kjaq 'red' (place)6. The perceptual motivation of dissimilation.Increase the auditory/perceptual contrast among sounds in a sequence (syntagmatic contrast).K'iche [kj] is less like [q] than is [k], so the fact that the onset and coda have different place of articulation is enhanced by the palatalization.The Greek changept > ftfT > ftis doubly percepual in nature: (1) dissimilates continuancy, and (2) enhances place cues by having the consonant at the CV boundary be a stop (stop place cues are stronger in CV position than in CC or VC position).- at the cost of increased homonymy!7. Prosodic structure plays a role in phonological processes.Prosodic structure = rhythm, prominence, groupingRhythm - units of timingsyllable timing - each syllable feels equal in rhythmic weightstress timing - each stress foot feels equal in rhythmic weight(syllables within feet alternate in weight)mora timing - each “mora” feels equal in rhythmic weight(mora is easy to define in Japanese - writing system - less so in other languages).Prominence - emphasize a word in an utterancesome combination of pitch pattern (accent) and/or durationGrouping - signal aspects of syntactic or discourse structurepause between syntactic or discourse unitsslow down between units pitch reset at boundaries (low to high, or high to low)8. Syllable position and articulation of consonants.syllable ( onset, rhyme (nucleus, coda)) -- draw tree structureNucleus is vocalic usually, or syllabic consonant.Onset and coda are typically made up of consonants.Tendency across languages to have more C contrasts in onset position.Mandarin - only nasals [m], [n], [N] in coda.Korean - 3-way stop series only occurs in onset position.9. The perceptual robustness of onset position.The tendency for languages to permit more contrast in onset position may be driven by perceptual bias - auditory information for place of articulation in stops (particularly) is greater in onset position. Presence of stop release burst and formant transitions.Informational importance of some onsets. left-to-right word recognition process places greater weight on word onsets.10. Foot position and segment realization.In stress-timed languages the “stress foot” is composed of “stong” and “weak” syllables.foot(σs,σw) - trochaic foot ex: “garden”foot(σwσs) - iambic foot ex: “about”segments in weak syllables tend to be reduced11. Some reduction processes.vowel centralization - vowel becomes like schwaemph[æ]tic - e»mph[´]sisvowel deletion memorize - mem(o)ry12. Why reduction of unstressed syllables?Articulatory weakening - shorter, less energy devoted to the production of unstressed syllables - perceptual reinterpretation of weak syllable./mEmOri/ /mEmri/[mEm´ri] [mEm´ri]produced as:TalkerListenerrecovered as:13. An additonal factor in reduction - frequency of usage.Highly frequent words show a greater number of pronunciation variants in a corpus of conversational English. There were 1516 occurrences of “yknow” with 232 different


View Full Document
Download Common Phonological processes -
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Common Phonological processes - and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Common Phonological processes - 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?