Linguistics 110 - Introduction to Phonetics and PhonologyPlaying sounds backward.You can determine whether a sound is steady-state or has internal dynamics by playing it backward because steady-state sounds don’t change very much when played backward while dynamic sounds do change quite noticeably. You can also discover that sounds are pronounced differently in different positions within a syllable by playing the syllable backwards. Note: In this assignment you will experience some auditory illusions - hearing things that aren’t actually there. Please write what you think you hear, not what you know must be true of the speaker’s productions (i.e. from the forward versions).0. Reverse. In this homework assignment you will use WaveSurfer to “reverse” the samples in a digital waveform and then play the reversed waveform to listen to backward speech. You may record the example words in your own voice or you may download recordings of them.To reverse the digital samples you simply select “reverse” from the WaveSurfer “transform” menu. If you have used the cursors to select a chunk of sound then only that chunk will be reversed, while if you have not selected any specific chunk of sound then the entire sound file will be reversed. In this exercise you generally want to reverse the whole sound file.11. Steady-state versus dynamic sounds.a. Compare the vowel sounds in “see” and “sigh” by listening to them forward and backward. Record what you hear using IPA phonetic transcription of the vowels. forward backward“see” [si] [ ]“sigh” [s] [ ]The vowel in “see” is more steady-state than the vowel in “sigh” and this should be reflected in what you hear. When played backwards, the vowel in “see” sounds basically unchanged, while the vowel in “sigh” is quite different - requiring different IPA symbols, or a different order of them, in the transcription.b. Steady-state versus dynamic vowels. Now listen to each of the following words forwards and backwards, transcribe them using IPA phonetic symbols, and indicate whether the vowel seems more steady-state or dynamic.forward backward steady?“sue”“so”“soy”“say”“sam”“sim”“said”“sun”c. Steady vowel, changing pitch. Compare the word “see” spoken as a command “see!” versus as a question “see?”. We have established that the consonant and vowel of [si] are both steady-state, not changing much when played backwards. Yet the backward versions of these files are quite different from the forward versions. Identify whether the pitch of voice (the note the vowel is “sung” on) seems to be rising or falling in the forward and backward command and question. forward backwardsee_commandsee_question risesIs the backward question a good example of a command? Is the backward command a good 2example of a question? If the two pitch patterns aren’t exactly mirror images of each other, what seems to differ between a backwards question and a forwards command?d. “r” sounds. The IPA includes a symbol for a steady-state “rhotic schwa” []- which is sometimes called the “schwar” symbol. Listen to “bird”, “bored”, and “bard” forward and backward and transcribe each one.forward backwardbirdboredbarde. Steady-state and dynamic consonants. Affricates are written in the IPA with “digraphs” of two consonant symbols, implying that they are composed of two phonetic elements - a stop followed by a fricative. Listen to “each” and “judge” forward and backward and try to come up with an IPA phonetic transcription for them. forward backward“each”“judge”f. Voiceless stop consonants like [t] and [k] have an interval of silence when the mouth is shut, so they could be considered steady-state. Yet, when you listen to “tea” and “key” backwards it is apparent that there is more than just silence in those stops. What is the extra bit of noise and how would you transcribe it?forward backward“tea”“key”2. Contextual variants of sounds.a. “Clear” versus “dark” /l/. In standard descriptions of the phonetics of English it is said that the /l/ sound of English is pronounced with velarization in syllable coda position. We should be able to test this description by listening to “feel” and “leaf” forward and backward. Enter your IPA phonetic transcriptions of these words.forward backward“leaf”“feel”3b. Vowels before nasal consonants. Transcribe “soon” and “noose” both forward and backward. none of the segments in these words [s], [u], or [n] has a significant dynamic component yet you will notice that “soon” backwards is not the same as “noose” forwards (and vice versa). In what way or ways do the vowels differ?forward backward“soon”“noose”c. Initial versus final [z]. The word “please” ends with the voiced alveolar fricative [z], therefore when played backwards “please” should sound something like [zif] (if the aspiration noise after [p] sounds something like [f]. Listen to the [z] in “please” and “zeef” and describe how they differ from each other. forward