Module 3 1 NAME:_______________________________________________________________________ East Carolina University PSYC 3206 -- Developmental Dr. Eppler & Dr. Ironsmith Study Questions for Chapter 3: Genes, Environment, and Development Sigelman, C. & Rider, E. (2009). Life-span human development (6th edition). Belmont CA: Wadsworth. Copyright 2008 by Marsha Ironsmith and Marion Eppler All rights reserved This file was last modified 08/12/08. THERE ARE 161 QUESTIONS IN THIS MODULE. BE SURE YOU HAVE PRINTED THE ENTIRE MODULE. Learning Objectives for Chapter 3 Be able to define the following terms: • zygote • genotype and phenotype • carrier • heritability • heterozygous and homozygous genotypes • Be able to describe the genetic relatedness of various pairs of individuals. • Be able to explain the logic of twin studies and adoption studies and how they are used to assess heritability. Be familiar with the limitations of each. • Be able to recognize examples of traits that are more or less influenced by heredity. • Be able to explain how correlations and concordance rates are used to assess heritability. Relate concordance rates for schizophrenia to genetic similarity of pairs of individuals and know the risk associated with a family history of schizophrenia. Relate correlations to the similarity of pairs of individuals in genetics and environment and how this information is used to assess the heritability of intelligence. • Distinguish between and recognize examples of single gene v. multiple gene inheritance. • Know the causes, risk factors and symptoms of: sickle-cell anemia, Tay Sachs disease, PKU, Down Syndrome, Turner's Syndrome, Klinefelter’s Syndrome and Huntington’s. Be able to identify whether each one is dominant, recessive, X-linked or the result of having the wrong number of chromosomes. • Be able to identify examples of X-linked disorders and explain how they are inherited.Module 3 2 • Be able to assess the likelihood of different outcomes given parents with specific genotypes for the disorders mentioned above; given a child's genotype be able to determine the parents' genotype. • Define shared and nonshared environments and describe how the effects of each change across the lifespan. • Be able to describing the findings of Caspi et al. and what they tell us about the relationship between genotype, phenotype and environment. • Be able to define and identify new examples of the three kinds of gene/environment correlations (passive, evocative, active). • Be able to describe how ultrasound, amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling are used to assess fetal abnormalities and state what information each might provide and the advantages and disadvantages of each. Individual Heredity The Genetic Code 1. A fertilized egg is called a ________________. 2. The genetic code is contained on 46 ____________________, which are located in the nucleus of the zygote. 3. Of the 46 chromosomes that we have, 23 come from the ____________________ and 23 come from the ____________________. 4. Sperm and ova divide by the process known as ______________________. 5. Describe the process of meiosis. 6. Most cells in the body such as skin cells, hair cells and blood cells, divide through a process called ___________________________. 7. Describe the process of mitosis. 8. How do meiosis and mitosis differ? Genetic Uniqueness and Relatedness 9. When sections of chromosomes are exchanged, this is known as ____________________.Module 3 3 10. What effect does this have? 11. When one fertilized ovum splits in half and forms two embryos, this results in ______________________. 12. You share exactly ____________________% of your genes with your mother and ______________________% with your father. 13. Identical twins share exactly ____________________% of their chromosomes. 14. Siblings (who are not identical twins) share, on the average _________________% of their genes. Why can we only approximately estimate how many chromosomes siblings share? 15. When two separate ova are fertilized at about the same time, the result is ______________________. NOTE: Twins that develop from one zygote are referred to as monozygotic (mono = 1) twins. Twins that develop from two separate zygotes are referred to as dizygotic (di = 2) twins. 16. Therefore, identical twins are also known as ____________________ twins and fraternal twins are also known as ____________________ twins. 17. Fraternal or dizygotic twins are no more alike than: 18. Dizygotic twins share on the average, or approximately _______________% of their genes. Determination of Sex NOTE: On page 64 in your text, there is a picture of a set of human chromosomes. For each pair of chromosomes, one chromosome came from the mother and one from the father. Thus, if there were information on chromosome pair # 1 for eye color, you might inherit a gene from your mother for brown eyes and a gene on the corresponding location on the other chromosome for hazel eyes. 19. When chromosomes are arranged according to number and pairs, this is called a ____________________. 20. The first 22 pairs of chromosomes are called the ____________________.Module 3 4 21. The 23rd pair are the ____________________ chromosomes. 22. An individual who has two X-chromosomes (XX karyotype) would be ______________________. 23. An individual who has an X and a Y chromosome (XY karyotype) would be ______________________. 24. An X chromosome can be inherited from which parent(s)? 25. The Y chromosome is inherited from which parent(s)? 26. Thus, the parent who determines the sex of the child is the _____________________. When Henry VIII beheaded Anne Boleyn because she failed to produce a son, who was the guilty party there? Translation of the Genetic Code 27. The genetic makeup of the individual or the genes they inherit from their parents is called the ____________________. 28. The genetic characteristics that are seen in the individual, such as blue eyes or Type A blood, is called the ____________________. 29. The individual's genotype interacts with the ____________________ to produce the resulting ____________________. In other words, genotype + environment = ____________________. Mechanisms of Inheritance Single Gene Pair Inheritance 30. Single gene-pair inheritance refers to characteristics that are only influenced by