Psychosocial Development in AdolescenceGuideposts for StudyErikson’s Crisis of Identity vs. ConfusionResolving Erikson’s Identity CrisisComponents of IdentityMarcia: Identity StatusIdentity Formation: Gender DifferencesFour Stages of Ethnic IdentityRacial/Ethnic IdentityWhat Is Sexual Orientation?Biological Views of Sexual OrientationHomosexual or Bisexual IdentitySexual BehaviorFactors Associated with Early SexUse of ContraceptivesWhere Do Teens Get Information about Sex?What Type of Sex Education Works?STDs and Pregnancy: Risks of Adolescent SexSexually Transmitted Disease (STD) PrevalenceMost Prevalent STDsTeens and HIVTeenage Pregnancy TrendsTraits of Teen MothersTeenage ParentsChildren of Teenage MothersPreventing Teenage PregnancyIs Adolescent Rebellion a Myth?Adolescent Use of TimeAdolescents and Family ConflictFactors That Affect Adolescent Family ConflictAdolescents and SiblingsAdolescents CrowdsAdolescent CliquesAdolescent FriendshipsAdolescent Romantic RelationshipsTwo Phases of Teen Romantic RelationshipsBox 12.1 Youth Violence EpidemicAntisocial behaviorBecoming a DelinquentPreventing Delinquency: Intervention Programs© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncPsychosocial Development in AdolescenceChapter 12© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncGuideposts for StudyHow do adolescents form an identity, and what roles do gender and ethnicity play?What determines sexual orientation, what sexual practices are common among adolescents, and what leads some to engage in risky sexual behavior?How do adolescents relate to parents, siblings, and peers?What are the root causes of antisocial behavior and juvenile delinquency, and what can be done to reduce these risks of adolescence?© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncErikson’s Crisis of Identity vs. ConfusionStruggle to become an adult with unique sense of self and role in society–Adolescence provides psychosocial moratorium, or “time-out” period to explore identity–However, seldom fully resolved in adolescence© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncResolving Erikson’s Identity CrisisSuccessful resolution leads to “fidelity”–Feeling of belongingness to friends or family–Identification with a set of valuesThe danger is identity confusion–Although some degree of confusion is normal© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncComponents of IdentityAdolescents attempt to resolve three issues:1. Choice of occupation2. Adoption of values3. Development of sexual identity© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncMarcia: Identity StatusIdentity achievement Crisis leading to commitmentForeclosure Commitment without crisisMoratorium Crisis with no commitment yetIdentity confusion No commitment, no crisis© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncIdentity Formation:Gender DifferencesRole of relationships–Do females develop a sense of self through forming relationships? OR–Is identity a struggle for independence and connectedness, regardless of gender?Self-esteem Do girls have lower self-esteem than boys?© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncFour Stages of Ethnic IdentityFor many young people in minority groups, race or ethnicity is central to identity formation1. Diffuse2. Foreclosed3. Moratorium4. AchievedRacial/Ethnic IdentityConnectedness to one’s ethnic groupAwareness of racismEmbedded achievementCultural socialization—parental practices that teach children about racial or ethnic heritage, promote cultural customs and traditions, and encourage cultural pride© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncWhat Is Sexual Orientation?Focus of consistent sexual, romantic, and affectionate interest–Homosexual – persons of same sex–Heterosexual – persons of opposite sex–Bisexual – persons of both sexes–Isolated experiences do not determine orientation© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncBiological Views of Sexual OrientationConclude orientation is, at least in part, genetic – moderately heritable–Size of hypothalamus–Pheromone studies–Gender-atypical behavior in childhood–Differences in sexual arousal© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncHomosexual or Bisexual IdentityGay, lesbian, or bisexual adolescents often feel isolated in a hostile environment–There is no association between homosexual orientation and emotional or social problems… apart from those caused by societal treatment of homosexualsSexual identity becomes more complex and follows a less-defined timetable© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncSexual BehaviorAverage age at first intercourse–Females: 17 years–Males: 16 yearsTop reasons for NOT having sex:–Religion or morals–Not wanting to get (or get a girl) pregnant© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncFactors Associated with Early SexEarly pubertyPovertyPoor school performanceHistory of sexual abuseNeglectCultural or family patternsPerception of peer norms© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncUse of ContraceptivesWho uses contraception during first intercourse?–83% of girls and 91% of boys –The older a girl is at her first intercourse, the greater the likelihood she will use protectionBest safeguard is condoms–Protection against STDs and pregnancy© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncWhere Do Teens Get Information about Sex?FriendsParentsSex education at schoolAbstinence-only debatesMedia© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncWhat Type of Sex Education Works?WorksPrograms that encourage abstinence AND discuss STD prevention and safe-sex practicesDelay initiation and increases contraception useDoes not work Abstinence only/virginity pledgesDo not delay initiation© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncSTDs and Pregnancy: Risks of Adolescent SexTeens at highest risk :–Younger –Multiple partners–Not regularly using contraception–Misinformed about contraception© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncSexually Transmitted Disease (STD) PrevalenceAbout one in four new cases in the U.S. occurs among 15- to19-year-oldsPrevalence in teens due to:–Early sexual activity–Failure to use condoms or use them correctly–Tendency for girls to have older partners© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncMost Prevalent STDsHPVTrichomoniasisGenital herpes simplexChlamydia and gonorrhea (both curable)Teens and HIVOf 4.1 million new infections, about