Module 14/15 1East Carolina University PSYC 3206 – Developmental Psychology Dr. Ironsmith & Dr. Eppler Study Questions for Chapters 14 & 15 (combined) Chapter 14: Attachment and Social Relationships Chapter 15: The Family Sigelman & Rider (2009). Life-span human development (6th edition). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Copyright 2008 by Marsha Ironsmith and Marion Eppler. All rights reserved. This file was last modified on 10/27/08. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * This module contains 92 questions. Be sure you have printed out the whole module. Chapter 14: Attachment and Social Relationships Learning Objectives • Define attachment, list the behaviors that indicate that a child has formed an attachment, and know when attachment develops. • Define imprinting and tell what relation it has to attachment in human infants. • Define internal working model. • Describe Bowlby's ethological view of attachment. • List emotions that are present in newborn infants and the ages and order in which different emotions develop (both primary and secondary emotions). • Identify factors that may prevent parents forming attachment with their infants. • Define separation anxiety and stranger anxiety and be able to identify when each develops and what kinds of experiences influence each one. • Describe Ainsworth's strange situation. Identify the four categories of attachment, and be able to list and describe the behaviors associated with each category. Know what proportion of US infants fall into each category. • Describe the Freudian and behavioral theories of attachment. Know Harlow's studies of rhesus monkeys and how the results relate to Freudian and behavioral theories of attachment.Module 14/15 2• Know what factors influence the development of attachment (caregiver characteristics, infant characteristics, context). • Know the characteristics of parents in each of the four categories of attachment and be able to describe how infants cope in each group. • Describe cultural differences in attachment. • Describe an example of goodness of fit in as it relates to attachment. • Describe the effects of prolonged institutionalization on infants’ development. • Describe the effects of day care on infants’ development. • Describe the long term effects of secure and insecure attachment on children's behavior. • Know the limitations of the strange situation as a measure of attachment. NOTE: The critical concept in this chapter is attachment. Since Freud's time, psychologists have posed that the early relationship between the infant and mother is critical for social and emotional development. Of course, an infant may become attached to someone other than the mother. In the literature, the object of attachment is often referred to as the primary caregiver. John Bowlby was one of the earliest psychologists to study attachment. He was trained in the psychoanalytic tradition and initially viewed attachment as Freud did. The infant identified with the mother out of his/her dependence on mother for oral gratification. This identification is so total that the infant failed to distinguish between him/herself and the mother. The process of weaning (being denied oral gratification) breaks down this identification with the mother and out of that emerges the infant's ego—a sense of self. Bowlby observed that children who had lost their parents and were raised without strong attachments to some caregiver showed permanent emotional scars. One of Bowlby's students, Mary Salter Ainsworth, worked with him first in the psychoanalytic tradition and later adopted a more ethological model for understanding attachment. This model borrows from European animal behaviorists such as Konrad Lorenz whose description of imprinting in birds led Bowlby and Ainsworth to think of attachment more as a biologically programmed behavior that ensures survival of the young. Perspectives on Relationships Attachment Theory 1. Attachment is: Modern attachment theory was developed by _____________ and ______________.ccording to John Bowlby, a strong affection that binds one person to another is known as ____________________. 2. Attachment is a behavioral system through which:Module 14/15 33. A baby forms his/her first attachment at age ____________________usually to ____________________. 4. Describe the behaviors that indicate that this has happened. 5. Infants are confident about exploring new environments as long as what is true? 6. Bowlby argued that humans are ________________________________________to form attachments. This reflects a ____________________ (nature OR nurture) view of development. 7. According to ethological theory, what is the purpose of attachment behavior? 8. Lorenz discovered a form of attachment among ducks and geese known as ____________________. 9. Describe what this behavior looks like. 10. List three characteristics of imprinting that Lorenz discovered. 11. In what ways is imprinting adaptive for birds? 12. In what ways are attachment behaviors in human infants adaptive?Module 14/15 4 13. Human infants do not imprint on their mothers, but they do engage in attachment behaviors such as proximity seeking. Human infants also engage in behaviors that ensure that adults will love them, stay with them, and meet their needs. Examples of these behaviors include: 14. Bowlby believed that there is a ____________________ period for attachments to form in humans and this period is: 15. How secure a particular attachment relationship is depends on: 16. An internal working model is: a cognitive representation of themselves and other people that shape their expectations about relationships and their processing of social information is known as a(n) ________________________________________. 17. According to Bowlby, what kind of internal working models do securely attached infants have? 18. What kind of internal working models do insecurely attached infants have? 19. What kinds of problems might insecurely attached infants have with later relationships? 20. List the four claims of attachment theory.Module 14/15 5The Infant Early Emotional Development 21. Izard used _________________________ to determine the range of emotions experienced by infants. 22. At birth children show the emotions of: 23. By age 3-4 months, infants can