Module 2 1NAME: _________________________________________________________________ East Carolina University PSYC 3206 -- Developmental Psychology Dr. Eppler & Dr. Ironsmith Study Questions for Chapter 2: Theories of Human Development Sigelman & Rider (2009). Life-span human development (6th edition). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cenage Learning. Copyright 2008 by Marsha Ironsmith and Marion Eppler All rights reserved This file was last modified on 7/29/08. This module contains 74 questions. Make sure you have printed the entire module. Learning Objectives • Define the concepts of nature and nurture. • Be able to recognize examples of biological (nature) and environmental (nurture) influences on development. • Define the concepts of continuity and discontinuity. • Be able to recognize examples of continuous (quantitative) and discontinuous (qualitative) changes in development. • Focus on the following five theorists and their theories: Freud, Erikson, Skinner, Bandura, and Piaget. For each theory… o be able to identify position on nature vs. nurture controversy. o be able to identify position on continuity vs. discontinuity dimension. o be able to identify major concepts. o be able to recognize new applications. o be able to describe similarities and differences between the theorists. 2.1 Developmental Theories and the Issues They Raise 1. A theory is: 2. List criteria of a good theory:Module 2 2Nature and Nurture 3. ____________________ is the controversy over whether development is primarily determined by biological or environmental forces. __________ refers to biological forces and __________ refers to environmental forces. 4. _______________ refers to an emphasis on the influence of heredity, maturational processes guided by genes, and biologically based predispositions as explanations for development, while _______________ refers to an emphasis on learning experiences, child-rearing methods, and culture as explanations for development. HINT: For nurture, think of what it means to nurture young children -- caring for them and shaping their experiences (environmental influences). For nature, think of the great outdoors or nature shows that focus on biology (genetic influences). 5. Identify the following examples as taking a stronger nature view or a stronger nurture view. a. _______________ Day care centers with educational toys and activities help to prepare children for first grade. b. _______________ Students should be tracked (placed in separate groups) according to their ability levels in reading. c. _______________ Boys' higher levels of testosterone make them naturally more aggressive than girls. d. _______________ Adults' expectations encourage boys to be more aggressive than girls. e. _______________ Children tend to reach each of Piaget's stages of cognitive development at about the same age. f. _______________ Children in societies with formal education tend to achieve Piaget's stages of cognitive development much earlier than children in societies with no system of formal education. Continuity and Discontinuity 6. ______________________________ is the controversy over whether development proceeds along a smooth and gradual path or whether it jumps along in abrupt and discrete stages. ____________________ refers to development proceeding along a smooth and gradual path, which ____________________ refers to development proceeding in abrupt and discrete stages. 7. ____________________ theorists view development as occurring in small steps without sudden changes, whereas ____________________ theorists view development as sudden changes which elevate the individual to more advanced level.Module 2 38. Quantitative changes in development are changes in _______________, and they reflect a ____________________ view. 9. Qualitative changes in development are changes in _______________, and they reflect a ____________________ view. HINT: For continuity, think of the quantitative change in size from the little frog to the bigger frog in Figure 2.1; for discontinuity, think of the qualitative change from the tadpole to the frog in Figure 2.1. 10. Discontinuity theorists often propose that people progress through developmental _______________. 11. If a theorist has stages (e.g., Freud and Piaget) s/he is a ____________________ theorist. If the theorist has no stages (e.g., Bandura, Skinner), s/he is a ____________________ theorist. 12. Developmental stages refer to: HINT: For continuity, think of development as a continuous or straight line, like walking up a ramp and getting gradually higher and higher. For discontinuity, think of a discontinuous or broken line. Development proceeds in stages like walking up a staircase with abrupt differences in height with each step. 13. Identify the following examples as reflecting continuity or discontinuity of development: ____________________ a. stages of development ____________________ b. A 14-month-old child knows 10 vocabulary words and a 16-month-old knows 25 vocabulary words. ____________________ c. growth spurt during adolescence ____________________ d. An elementary school child can reason logically when they have concrete examples; a high school student can reason logically about abstract issues. ____________________ e. A three-year-old plays with Legos for 5 or 10 minutes, her older sister plays with Legos for an hour at a time. ____________________ f. A two-year-old child can remember 2 or 3 words from a list in her short-term memory; an adult can remember 7or 8 words from the list. ____________________ g. A five-year-old and an eight-year-old view a set of sticks which are colored red, green, orange, blue, yellow, white and black. The sticks are arranged in order fromModule 2 4shortest to tallest. Then the sticks are scattered randomly and each child is asked to put them back in their original order. The five-year-old tries to arrange them by remembering which color went first, second, etc. The eight-year-old puts the shortest one first and then the next shortest, etc. 2.2 Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory Pronunciation guide: His name is pronounced Froyd (rhymes with Floyd), not Fraud and not Frude. We have added several notes to this section because we wanted to clarify some of the misconceptions that people often have regarding Freud's theory. It is important to recognize Freud's contributions to psychology, and also to place his