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ECU PSYC 3206 - PSYC 3206 Ch. 4 - with notes

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Birth and Physical Development during the First Three YearsGuideposts for StudySlide 3Generations of Childbirth Customs“Humanizing” Childbirth: A Social TrendBirth ProcessThree Stages of Vaginal ChildbirthStages of ChildbirthCesarean DeliveryUnmedicated DeliveryMedicated DeliveriesSize and Appearance of the NewbornBody Systems of the NewbornAssessments: Apgar ScaleAssessments: Brazelton NBASNeonatal Screening TestsInfant Arousal StatesChildbirth ComplicationsLow BirthweightMaternal Traits That Increase Risk of Low Birth WeightImmediate Treatment for PrematurityLong-Term Outcomes of Low Birth WeightPostmaturity & StillbirthOvercoming Birth ComplicationsProtective Factors for DevelopmentDeath during InfancySlide 27SIDS Sudden Infant Death SyndromeDeaths from InjuriesImmunizationsProportions of Physical GrowthGrowth: Height and WeightNutrition: Breast FeedingBottle FeedingOther Nutritional ConcernsBrain CellsNeuronal Growth: Two ProcessesReflexes: Unlearned & Protective BehaviorsEarly Human ReflexesRole of Experience in Brain DevelopmentEarly Senses of Touch & PainEarly Senses of Smell & TasteNature vs. Nurture?Sense of HearingSense of SightMilestones of Motor DevelopmentDenver Developmental Screening TestWalk & Gibson: The Visual CliffThelen’s Dynamic Systems TheoryCultural Influences on Motor DevelopmentResearch in Action: Autism© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncBirth and Physical Development during the First Three YearsChapter 4© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncGuideposts for StudyHow has childbirth changed in developed countries?How does labor begin, what happens during each of the three stages, and what alternative methods of delivery are available?How do newborn infants adjust to life outside the womb, and how can we tell if a new baby is developing normally?What complications of childbirth can endanger newborn babies, and what are the prospects for infants with complicated births?© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncGuideposts for StudyWhat factors affect babies’ chances of survival and health?What influences growth, and how do the brain and the senses develop?What are the early milestones in motor development, and what are some influences on motor development?© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncGenerations of Childbirth CustomsPre 20th Century:–Birthing was a modest “female only” ritual–Use of midwives was predominant–Death rates high for mother and baby –One out of four babies died in first yearModern Generations:  Dramatic reductions in death rate due to:–Antibiotics–Prenatal care© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc“Humanizing” Childbirth: A Social TrendHome births have brought back intimacy of eventBirthing centers and hospitals–Soft lights–Father or partner as coach–Baby stays in room© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncBirth ProcessParturition – brings on labor–Two weeks before delivery–Uterine contractions–Cervix becomes flexible–Stimulated by rising estrogen levels© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncThree Stages of Vaginal Childbirth© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncStages of ChildbirthFirst: Longest, typically 12–14 hours for first child, cervix dilatesSecond: 1–2 hours, contractions stronger and closer together, baby’s head moves through birth canal; Stage 2 ends with baby emerging from mother’s bodyThird: 10–60 minutes, placenta and umbilical cord expelled from mother© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncCesarean DeliverySurgically removing baby from uterus through abdomenAlmost 30% of all U.S. birthsOften used when labor progresses slowlyChanging preferences among women and some physiciansCommon with: First and/or large babies Older moms Mothers with previous C-sections© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncUnmedicated DeliveryNatural Childbirth Mother receives training in fitness, breathing and relaxationTraditional cultures - Use of doula  Experienced helper provides emotional support to motherPrepared Childbirth–Lamaze–Mother learns to substitute other responses for feelings of pain© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncMedicated DeliveriesLocal or regional anesthesia–Blocks pain receptors in brainRelaxing analgesicApproximately 60% of women choose pain relief during labor© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncSize and Appearanceof the Newborn Average neonate is: o20 inches longo7.5 poundsFontanels – soft plates of headLanugo – fuzzy prenatal hairVernix caseosa – oily protection against infection© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncBody Systems of the NewbornBreathing: Anoxia or hypoxia can lead to birth traumaMeconium–Stringy waste in fetal intestinal tractNeonatal Jaundice–Yellowing of skin and eyeballs–Caused by immaturity of the liver–Half of all babies experience–Usually baby does not need treatment© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncAssessments: Apgar ScaleSign 0 1 2AppearanceBlue and paleBody pink, limbs blueAll pinkPulseAbsent Slow (< 100) RapidGrimaceNone GrimaceCoughing and cryingActivityLimp Weak StrongRespirationAbsent Irregular, slow Good, crying© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncAssessments: Brazelton NBASTests responses to physical and social environment–Motor organization–Reflexes–Attention and interactive capacity–CNS instability© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncNeonatal Screening TestsHelp detect correctable disorders–PKU–Galactosemia–Hypothyroidism© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncInfant Arousal StatesState Eyes Breathing MovementRegular Sleep Closed Regular, slow NoneIrregular Sleep Closed Irregular TwitchingDrowsinessOpen or closedIrregular Some activityAlert Inactivity Open Even QuietWakeful and CryingOpen Irregular Much activity© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncChildbirth ComplicationsBirth traumaPostmaturityPrematurityLow birth weight© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncLow BirthweightWeighing less than 5 ½ lbs.Very low birth weight - less than 3 ½ lbs.15.5% of all births, most in developing countriesPrematurity and low birth weight are the second-leading cause of infant death, after birth defects© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncMaternal Traits That Increase Risk of Low Birth WeightUnderage or overageUneducated and poorPoor nutritionSmoking and drinkingStressInfections and high blood


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