Birth and Physical Development during the First Three YearsGuideposts for StudySlide 3Generations of Childbirth Customs“Humanizing” Childbirth: A Social TrendBirth ProcessThree Stages of Vaginal ChildbirthStages of ChildbirthCesarean DeliveryUnmedicated DeliveryMedicated DeliveriesSize and Appearance of the NewbornBody Systems of the NewbornAssessments: Apgar ScaleAssessments: Brazelton NBASNeonatal Screening TestsInfant Arousal StatesChildbirth ComplicationsLow BirthweightMaternal Traits That Increase Risk of Low Birth WeightImmediate Treatment for PrematurityLong-Term Outcomes of Low Birth WeightPostmaturity & StillbirthOvercoming Birth ComplicationsProtective Factors for DevelopmentDeath during InfancySlide 27SIDS Sudden Infant Death SyndromeDeaths from InjuriesImmunizationsProportions of Physical GrowthGrowth: Height and WeightNutrition: Breast FeedingBottle FeedingOther Nutritional ConcernsBrain CellsNeuronal Growth: Two ProcessesReflexes: Unlearned & Protective BehaviorsEarly Human ReflexesRole of Experience in Brain DevelopmentEarly Senses of Touch & PainEarly Senses of Smell & TasteNature vs. Nurture?Sense of HearingSense of SightMilestones of Motor DevelopmentDenver Developmental Screening TestWalk & Gibson: The Visual CliffThelen’s Dynamic Systems TheoryCultural Influences on Motor DevelopmentResearch in Action: Autism© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncBirth and Physical Development during the First Three YearsChapter 4© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncGuideposts for StudyHow has childbirth changed in developed countries?How does labor begin, what happens during each of the three stages, and what alternative methods of delivery are available?How do newborn infants adjust to life outside the womb, and how can we tell if a new baby is developing normally?What complications of childbirth can endanger newborn babies, and what are the prospects for infants with complicated births?© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncGuideposts for StudyWhat factors affect babies’ chances of survival and health?What influences growth, and how do the brain and the senses develop?What are the early milestones in motor development, and what are some influences on motor development?© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncGenerations of Childbirth CustomsPre 20th Century:–Birthing was a modest “female only” ritual–Use of midwives was predominant–Death rates high for mother and baby –One out of four babies died in first yearModern Generations: Dramatic reductions in death rate due to:–Antibiotics–Prenatal care© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc“Humanizing” Childbirth: A Social TrendHome births have brought back intimacy of eventBirthing centers and hospitals–Soft lights–Father or partner as coach–Baby stays in room© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncBirth ProcessParturition – brings on labor–Two weeks before delivery–Uterine contractions–Cervix becomes flexible–Stimulated by rising estrogen levels© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncThree Stages of Vaginal Childbirth© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncStages of ChildbirthFirst: Longest, typically 12–14 hours for first child, cervix dilatesSecond: 1–2 hours, contractions stronger and closer together, baby’s head moves through birth canal; Stage 2 ends with baby emerging from mother’s bodyThird: 10–60 minutes, placenta and umbilical cord expelled from mother© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncCesarean DeliverySurgically removing baby from uterus through abdomenAlmost 30% of all U.S. birthsOften used when labor progresses slowlyChanging preferences among women and some physiciansCommon with: First and/or large babies Older moms Mothers with previous C-sections© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncUnmedicated DeliveryNatural Childbirth Mother receives training in fitness, breathing and relaxationTraditional cultures - Use of doula Experienced helper provides emotional support to motherPrepared Childbirth–Lamaze–Mother learns to substitute other responses for feelings of pain© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncMedicated DeliveriesLocal or regional anesthesia–Blocks pain receptors in brainRelaxing analgesicApproximately 60% of women choose pain relief during labor© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncSize and Appearanceof the Newborn Average neonate is: o20 inches longo7.5 poundsFontanels – soft plates of headLanugo – fuzzy prenatal hairVernix caseosa – oily protection against infection© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncBody Systems of the NewbornBreathing: Anoxia or hypoxia can lead to birth traumaMeconium–Stringy waste in fetal intestinal tractNeonatal Jaundice–Yellowing of skin and eyeballs–Caused by immaturity of the liver–Half of all babies experience–Usually baby does not need treatment© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncAssessments: Apgar ScaleSign 0 1 2AppearanceBlue and paleBody pink, limbs blueAll pinkPulseAbsent Slow (< 100) RapidGrimaceNone GrimaceCoughing and cryingActivityLimp Weak StrongRespirationAbsent Irregular, slow Good, crying© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncAssessments: Brazelton NBASTests responses to physical and social environment–Motor organization–Reflexes–Attention and interactive capacity–CNS instability© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncNeonatal Screening TestsHelp detect correctable disorders–PKU–Galactosemia–Hypothyroidism© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncInfant Arousal StatesState Eyes Breathing MovementRegular Sleep Closed Regular, slow NoneIrregular Sleep Closed Irregular TwitchingDrowsinessOpen or closedIrregular Some activityAlert Inactivity Open Even QuietWakeful and CryingOpen Irregular Much activity© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncChildbirth ComplicationsBirth traumaPostmaturityPrematurityLow birth weight© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncLow BirthweightWeighing less than 5 ½ lbs.Very low birth weight - less than 3 ½ lbs.15.5% of all births, most in developing countriesPrematurity and low birth weight are the second-leading cause of infant death, after birth defects© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncMaternal Traits That Increase Risk of Low Birth WeightUnderage or overageUneducated and poorPoor nutritionSmoking and drinkingStressInfections and high blood
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