Module 2A 1 NAME: ________________________________________________________________________ East Carolina University PSYC 3206 -- Developmental Psychology Dr. Ironsmith & Dr. Eppler Study Questions for Chapter 2A: Learning Theories Sigelman & Rider (2009). Life-span human development (6th edition). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Copyright 2008 by Marsha Ironsmith and Marion Eppler. All rights reserved. This file was last modified on 07/29/08. There are 127 questions in this module. Be sure you have downloaded the entire module. Learning Objectives for Module 2A • Be able to define the following terms in classical conditioning: o unconditioned stimulus (UCS) o unconditioned response (UCR) o conditioned stimulus (CS) o conditioned response (CR) • Be able to define the following terms in operant conditioning: o positive reinforcement o negative reinforcement o positive punishment o negative punishment o extinction o continuous reinforcement o partial reinforcement • Be able to recognize new examples of all of the concepts above. • Be able to distinguish examples of autonomic responses and voluntary responses. • Be able to distinguish examples of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. • Be able to define the following terms: o shaping o discriminative stimulus o generalization o partial reinforcement effect • Be able to recognize examples of the above concepts. • Be familiar with the principles of using effective punishment. • Be familiar with the things to avoid when using punishment. • Be familiar with results of Bandura’s (1965) study.Module 2A 2 • Distinguish between acquisition and performance. • Be able to define and recognize examples of vicarious consequences. • Be able to state what effect vicarious consequences have on observational learning. • Be able to state the primary difference between Skinner’s learning theory and Bandura’s social cognitive theory (social learning theory). NOTE: This module covers pp. 39-45 of Chapter 2. This material was covered on the previous module but not in the depth that it is here. Although it covers few pages in the text, there is a lot of supplemental information in this module. Watson: Classical Conditioning 1. Watson's definition of behaviorism is: Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which a stimulus that initially had no effect comes to _______________ a response because of its ____________________ with a stimulus that already _______________ the response. NOTE: A stimulus is some object or event in the environment that elicits a response. Response refers to the behavior. An object or event in the environment that elicits a response is called a _______________. When a puff of air is blown in your face, the natural reaction is to blink. In this example, the puff of air is a _______________ and blinking is a _______________ to that stimulus. 2. Briefly describe Pavlov's example of classical conditioning: 3. In the Pavlov example, the response was ____________________. The stimulus that already produced the response (without any learning or conditioning) was _______________ and the stimulus that came to produce the response (as a result of conditioning) was _______________. 4. Briefly describe Watson and Raynor's demonstration of classical conditioning in the infant, Albert:Module 2A 3 5. In the Watson and Raynor example, the response was _______________. The stimulus that already produced the response (without any learning or conditioning) was a _______________ and the stimulus that came to produce the response (as a result of conditioning) was a _______________. 6. A stimulus that produces a response without any prior learning or conditioning is called a(n) _______________ _______________. 7. A response produced by that stimulus is called a(n) _______________ _______________. NOTE: Note that “un” means NOT, so the UNconditioned stimulus and UNconditioned response are linked before any learning or conditioning has occurred. It may help you to remember that unconditioned means unlearned (not conditioned) or innate. 8. A neutral stimulus is one that does not produce a response. In Pavlov's study, the __________ was at first a neutral stimulus because it did not cause the dogs to salivate. For Little Albert, the __________ was originally a neutral stimulus, because it did not originally produce fear. 9. How does the neutral stimulus differ from the unconditioned stimulus? How are they similar? The answer isn’t spelled out for you anywhere, so you will need to think about this. DIFFERENT = SIMILAR = 10. A stimulus that is originally neutral but comes to produce a response because it has been paired (associated) with an unconditioned stimulus is called a(n) _______________ _______________. 11. A response produced by that stimulus is called a(n) _______________ _______________. 12. In Pavlov's study: The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was ____________________. The unconditioned response (UCR) was ____________________. The conditioned stimulus (CS) was ____________________. The conditioned response (CR) was ____________________. 13. In Watson’s study with Little Albert: The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was ____________________. The unconditioned response (UCR) was ____________________. The conditioned stimulus (CS) was ____________________. The conditioned response (CR) was ____________________.Module 2A 4 NOTE: The unconditioned and conditioned responses (UCR & CR) are the same or very similar to each other. In a new example, if you can identify one of them then you have pretty much identified both. The unconditioned and conditioned stimuli (UCS & CS), however, are NOT the same thing and you should be looking for two different stimuli. Remember that one stimulus elicits the response automatically, before any learning has occurred and this is the __________. The other stimulus was neutral at first (did not elicit any response) and after learning (conditioning) comes to elicit a specific response. This is the __________. 14. In addition to learning to fear a rat, Albert also began to show fear of other stimuli that resembled the rat, such as a rabbit and Santa Claus mask. Albert’s learned response _______________ to other furry items. This phenomenon is known as generalization. NOTE: Classical conditioning best explains behaviors that are