Cognitive Development during the First Three YearsGuideposts for StudySlide 3Behaviorist ApproachClassical ConditioningInfant MemoryPsychometric ApproachHOMEEarly InterventionPiagetian Sensorimotor StageCircular ReactionsTypes of ImitationObject PermanenceSlide 14Representational ThinkingDual Representation HypothesisInfo-Processing ApproachVisual PreferencesCross-Modal TransferWatching TelevisionInformation Processing: CategorizationInformation Processing: CausalityViolation of ExpectationsViolating Expectations to Study Object PermanenceNumberCognitive Neuroscience: Types of MemorySocial Contextual Approach: Learning from CaregiversEarly Speech CharacteristicsLanguage DevelopmentEarly VocalizationsRecognizing Language SoundsGesturesFirst WordsFirst SentencesTheories of Language AcquisitionInfluences on Early Language DevelopmentLanguage Is a Social ActChild-Directed SpeechAdult Reading Styles with ChildrenDialogic Reading© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncCognitive Development duringthe First Three YearsChapter 5© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncGuideposts for Study1) What are the six approaches to the study of cognitive development?2) How do infants learn, and how long can they remember?3) Can infants’ and toddlers’ intelligence be measured, and how can it be improved?4) How did Piaget explain early cognitive development, and how well have his claims stood up?© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncGuideposts for Study5) How can we measure infants’ ability to process information, and when do infants begin to understand characteristics of the physical world?6) What can brain research reveal about the development of cognitive skills?7) How does social interaction with adults advance cognitive competence?8) How do babies develop language, and what influences contribute to linguistic progress?© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncBehaviorist ApproachBabies are born with the ability to learnClassical conditioningOperant conditioning  Reinforcement and punishment© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncClassical Conditioning© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncInfant MemoryInfantile amnesia: Inability to remember events prior to age 3 yearsOperant conditioning with mobiles–Babies can remember mobiles they played with days or weeks ago–Infants and toddlers can remember toy trains and mobiles© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncPsychometric ApproachIQ testsDevelopmental testsBayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development: Measures current development, not future functioning –Mental scale–Motor scale–Behavior rating scale© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncHOMEHome observation of the environmentAmong other things, assesses:–Parental responsiveness–Number of books in home–Presence of educational playthings© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncEarly InterventionProject CAREPartners for LearningMost effective interventions:Start early and continue through preschool yearsTime-intensiveProvide direct educational experiencesInclude health, family counseling, and social servicesTailored to individual differences and needs© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncPiagetian Sensorimotor StageSubstageAge in MonthsDescriptionReflexes Up to 1 Gain control over reflexesPrimary Circular 1–4Repeat pleasurable chance behaviors (thumb sucking)Secondary Circular 4–8 Repeat interesting actionsCoordinate Secondary Circular8–12Purposeful and deliberate behaviorTertiary 12–18 Curiosity and experimentationsMental Combinations18–24 Symbolic thought; insight© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncCircular Reactions© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncTypes of ImitationInvisible Using body parts baby cannot see … like the mouthVisible Hands and feet … parts baby can seeDeferred Imitation after a delayElicited Imitating based on an explanation only© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncObject PermanenceRealizing that an object exists even when out of sightPrior to 8 months If I drop my toy and I can’t see it … it is gone! … THIS is why peek-a-boo is so much fun!8–12 months You hid my toy … I’m looking for it the last place I saw it!After a year You hid my toy … I’m looking for it!© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncObject PermanenceDynamic systems theoryNot about what babies know, but about what they do … and why© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncRepresentational ThinkingPictorial Competence–Ability to understand the nature of pictures–Develops about 19 months of age–Seeing a picture of sun and saying “suh”© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncDual RepresentationHypothesisPictorial competence develops slowly because it is difficult for children to simultaneously mentally represent:–a pictureAND –the object the picture represents© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncInfo-Processing ApproachHabituation A type of learning in which familiarity is indicated by reduced responseDishabituation Increase in responsiveness after presentation with a new stimulus© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncVisual PreferencesNovelty preference–Paying more attention to new visual stimuli–Demonstrating ability to tell new from old, or visual recognition memory© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncCross-Modal TransferUsing one or more senses to guide another sense Feeling your way through a dark room, then finding the way visually when lights are on© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncWatching Television Will this stunt your cognitive growth?© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncInformation Processing: CategorizationPerceptual Based on how things look Birds and planes both have wings and can flyConceptual Based on what things are Chairs, tables, and sofas are all furniture items© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncInformation Processing: CausalityUnderstanding that one event causes anotherAllows us to control and predict worldDevelops at around 6 months Manipulating a mobile with hands or feet© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncViolation of ExpectationsPhase 1: Familiarization Infant watches as events happen normallyPhase 2: Violation of Expectation The event is changed in a way that conflicts with past procedureIf infant watches the conflict event longer, it is interpreted as noticing a change© 2012 by