Psychosocial Development in Middle ChildhoodGuideposts for StudySlide 3Neo-Piagetian: Representational SystemsSelf-EsteemEmotional Growth & Prosocial BehaviorFamily AtmosphereParenting Issues in Middle ChildhoodWorking MothersEffects of Working MothersPoverty and ParentingFamily StructureAdjusting to DivorceCustody and Visitation IssuesLong-term Effects of DivorceOne-Parent FamiliesCohabiting FamiliesStepfamiliesGay or Lesbian FamiliesAdoptive FamiliesSpecial Challenges of Adoptive FamiliesSibling RelationshipsEffects of Peer RelationshipsTwo Ways to Measure PopularityStages of FriendshipReasons Children May Be UnpopularTypes of AggressionMedia and AggressionBullies and VictimsPatterns of BullyingConduct Disruptive DisordersAnxiety or Mood DisordersTreatment TechniquesDrug TherapyStresses of Modern LifeThe Resilient ChildTraits of Resilient Children© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncPsychosocial Development in Middle ChildhoodChapter 10© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncGuideposts for StudyHow do school-age children develop healthy, realistic, self-concepts, and how do they show emotional growth?How do parent-child relationships change in middle childhood, and how do family atmosphere and structure influence children's well-being?How do relationships with peers change in middle childhood, and what influences popularity and choice of friends?© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncGuideposts for StudyWhat are the most common forms of aggressive behavior in middle childhood, and what influences contribute to such behavior?What are some common emotional disturbances, and how are they treated?© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncNeo-Piagetian: Representational SystemsBroad, inclusive self-concepts that integrate different aspects of the self–“I am really smart in math, but I’m having troubles in English.”–Global self-worth© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncSelf-EsteemErikson’s crisis of industry vs. inferiorityThe virtue of “competence”–Successful resolution of crisis–Seeing the self as able to master skills and complete tasksIncludes social support from family and friends© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncEmotional Growth & Prosocial BehaviorBy age 7 or 8, children are aware of feeling shame, guilt, and prideThey are aware of their culture’s rules for expressing emotionEmotional self-regulation involves voluntary control over emotions, attention, and behaviorFamily AtmosphereChildren exposed to parental discord had high levels ofoInternalizing behaviors: anxiety, fearfulness and depressionoExternalizing behaviors: aggressiveness, fighting, disobedience and hostility© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncParenting Issues in Middle ChildhoodCoregulation–Parent and child share power–Parent: General supervision–Child: Self-regulationDiscipline–Inductive techniques – point out actions to child–“Hitting Jermaine hurts him and makes him feel bad.”© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncWorking MothersIn 2005, 70% of U.S. mothers with children under 18 were in the workforceThe more satisfied a mother is with her employment, the more effective she is as a parent© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncEffects of Working MothersImpact of mother’s work depends on:Whether she works part or full timeWhy she is workingPartner supportSESType of care before and after school© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncPoverty and ParentingApproximately 18 percent of all U.S. children under age 18 live in povertyPoor children are more likely to:–Have emotional and behavioral problems–Suffer cognitively and scholastically© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncFamily Structure© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncAdjusting to DivorceDivorce causes stress for all family membersAdjustment of children depends upon:–The level of parental conflict before the divorce–Child’s age or maturity–Gender and temperament–Psychosocial development before divorce© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncCustody and Visitation IssuesIn most divorce cases, mother gets custodyJoint custody Custody shared by both parents Beneficial, if parents can cooperateJoint legal custody Parents share the rights to make decisions about child’s welfareJoint physical custody Child lives part time with each parent© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncLong-term Effects of DivorceMost children adjust reasonably wellHowever, divorce increases risk of:–Antisocial behavior–Difficulties with authority figures–Dropping out of school–Emotional or psychological problems (anxiety)© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncOne-Parent FamiliesCohabiting FamiliesSimilar to two-parent, but tend to be more disadvantagedoLess incomeoLess educationoMore mental health problemsMore likely to break up than married families© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncStepfamiliesAdjustment may be stressfulMay include relatives of up to four adultsChild’s loyalty to an absent parent may interfere with bonding to stepparentFindings on the impact of remarriage on children are mixed© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncGay or Lesbian FamiliesAn estimated 9 million children have at least one homosexual parentResearch shows NO special concerns in terms of children’s physical, cognitive, or emotional developmentChildren of homosexuals are no more likely to be homosexual than children of heterosexuals© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncAdoptive FamiliesAdoption is found in all cultures throughout history60 percent of adoptions are by stepparents or relatives, usually grandparentsIncrease in “open” adoptions–Parties share information or have direct contactU.S. adoptions of foreign-born children quadrupled from 1978 to 2001© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncSpecial Challenges of Adoptive FamiliesIntegrating child into the familyDecisions about contacting biological parentsForeign adoptions do not appear to entail any more problems than domestic adoptions© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncSibling RelationshipsRoles and relationships are determined by:SpacingBirth orderGenderCulture© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncEffects of Peer RelationshipsPositive–Develop sociability and intimacy