Psychosocial Development in Emerging and Young AdulthoodGuideposts for StudySlide 3Influences on Paths to AdulthoodRecenteringIdentity DevelopmentDeveloping Adult Relationships with ParentsPersonality Development: Four ViewsErikson’s Normative Stage ModelValiant’s Four Patterns of AdaptationLevinson’s Stage ModelNormative Studies of WomenCriticisms of Normative-Stage ModelsTiming-of-Events ModelTrait Models: Five Factors of PersonalityEvaluating Five-Factor ModelTypological ModelsTypological Models: Three Personality TypesFoundations of Intimate RelationshipsFriendship in Young AdulthoodSternberg’s Triangular Subtheory of LoveSingle LifeGay and Lesbian RelationshipsLegalizing Same-Sex MarriagesCohabitationWomen’s Expected CohabitationCohabitation in the U.S.Benefits of MarriageEntering MatrimonyLiving ArrangementsMarital SatisfactionMarriage: Four Theoretical PerspectivesFactors in Marital Success or FailureHaving Children in Developing CountriesAverage Age of Mothers at First BirthMen & Women: Involvement in ParenthoodMarital Satisfaction & ParenthoodBenefits of Dual-Earner FamiliesDrawbacks of Dual-Earner FamiliesDomestic Work: Effects on MarriageDivorcePossible Reasons for DivorceBox 14.1 Intimate Partner ViolenceAdjusting to DivorceRemarriage and Stepparenthood© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncPsychosocial Development in Emerging and Young AdulthoodChapter 14© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncGuideposts for StudyWhat influences varied paths to adulthood, and how do emerging adults develop a sense of adult identity and autonomous relationships with their parents?Does personality change during adulthood, and if so, how?How is intimacy expressed in friendship and love?When and why do young adults choose to remain single, form gay or lesbian relationships, cohabit, or marry, and how satisfying and stable are those lifestyles?© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncGuideposts for StudyWhen do most adults become parents, and how does parenthood affect a marriage?What are the trends in divorce rates, and how do young adults adjust to divorce, remarriage, and stepparenthood?© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncInfluences on Paths to AdulthoodGenderAcademic abilityEarly attitudes toward educationExpectations in late adolescenceSocial classEgo developmentRecenteringStage 1 — Still embedded in family of originStage 2 — Connected to family, but moving toward serious commitments and gaining resources to support themStage 3 — Independence from family of origin, with increased commitment to career, partner, and possibly children© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncIdentity DevelopmentContemporary moratorium“Youthhood,” a permanent alternative to adulthoodRacial/ethnic identity exploration© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncDeveloping Adult Relationships with ParentsOne measure of how successfully emerging adults handle becoming autonomous is their ability to remain connected with parentsParents and children seem to get along best when normative life course is followedFailure to launch—adult children who continue to live with parents© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncPersonality Development: Four ViewsNormative stage modelsTiming of events modelTrait modelsTypological models© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncErikson’s Normative Stage ModelIntimacy vs. isolationYoung adults must make commitments to others or face isolation and self-absorptionResolution of this stage results in virtue of “love”© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncValiant’s Four Patterns of AdaptationAdaptive Mechanisms:–Mature–Immature–Psychotic–Neurotic© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncLevinson’s Stage ModelLife structure–The underlying pattern of a person’s life at a given time–Eras and phases© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncNormative Studies of WomenWomen may face different psychological and environmental constraints in forming life structures than men doWomen’s transitions tend to take longer© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncCriticisms of Normative-Stage ModelsGeneralizability–Small and limited samplesEffects of societal events specific to cohorts–Economic depression of the 1930s–Economic expansion after WWIIDevelopmental tasks© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncTiming-of-Events ModelThe course of development depends on when events occur in people’s livesNormative life events “On time” or “off time”Social clock© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncTrait Models: Five Factors of Personality© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncEvaluating Five-Factor ModelResearch has found gradual, systematic change in personality throughout adulthood, not continuityFive-factor model is based on subjective ratings—may lack validity© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncTypological ModelsPersonality affects and reflects:–Attitudes–Values–Beliefs–Social interactionsUse interviews, self-reports, clinical assessments, and behavior ratings© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncTypological Models:Three Personality TypesEgo-resilientOvercontrolledUndercontrolledThree types differ in: Ego-resiliency: Adaptability under stress Ego-control: Self-controlFoundations of Intimate RelationshipsSelf-disclosureSelf-awareness and empathyAbility to communicate emotionsConflict resolutionCommitmentSexual decision making© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncFriendship in Young AdulthoodCenter on work and parenting activitiesSharing of confidences and adviceYoung singles rely on friendship for social needsWomen have social needs met by friends more than men© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncSternberg’s Triangular Subtheory of LoveThree elements of love:1. Intimacy–Emotional element–Involves self-disclosure2. Passion–Motivational element–Translates physiological arousal into sexual desire3. Commitment–Cognitive element–Decision to love and stay with the beloved© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncSingle LifeYoung adults 25–34 who have not yet married:32% women43% men© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncGay and Lesbian RelationshipsAbout 40–60% of gay men and 45–80% of lesbians are in romantic relationshipsDifferences