Psychosocial Development in Late AdulthoodGuideposts for StudySlide 3Erikson’s Ego IntegrityMeasuring Stability or Change in PersonalityPersonality and EmotionsCopingCoping ModelsCognitive-Appraisal Model of CopingTwo Types of Emotion-Focused CopingSpirituality, Religion, and Well-BeingThree Components of Successful AgingEarly Healthy-Adjustment TheoriesContinuity TheoryThe Role of ProductivitySelective Optimization with Compensation (SOC)Box 18.1 Aging in AsiaWork and RetirementAge and Job PerformanceSatisfaction in RetirementTime-Use Patterns of RetireesIncome Sources of Older AdultsLiving ArrangementsSlide 24Social TheoriesBenefits of Social RelationshipsThe Multigenerational FamilyLong-Term MarriageWidowhood and DivorceSingle Life and CohabitationGay and Lesbian RelationshipsFriendships in Late AdulthoodRelationships with Adult ChildrenRelationships with SiblingsGreat-GrandparenthoodBox 18.2 Mistreatment of the Elderly© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncPsychosocial Development in Late AdulthoodChapter 18© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncGuideposts for StudyDoes personality change in old age, and what special issues and tasks do older people need to deal with?What strategies and resources contribute to older adults’ well-being and mental health?How do older adults handle work and retirement decisions, financial resources, and living arrangements?© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncGuideposts for StudyHow do personal relationships change in old age, and what is their effect on well-being?What are the characteristics of long-term marriages in late life, and what impact do widowhood, divorce, and remarriage have at this time?How do unmarried older people and those living in cohabiting and gay and lesbian relationships fare, and how does friendship change in old age?How do older adults get along with—or without—grown children and with siblings, and how do they adjust to great-grandparenthood?© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncErikson’s Ego IntegrityFinal stage of life spanEgo integrity vs. despairSuccessful crisis resolution brings virtue of wisdomHaving lived a life without regrets© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncMeasuring Stability or Change in PersonalityCan examine: Average levels in the populationChanges within individualsRank-order comparisons© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncPersonality and EmotionsNegative emotions tend to decrease with age–Neurotics have higher negative emotionPositive emotions tend to remain stable–Extraverts have higher positive emotion© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncCopingAdaptive behavior that reduces stress from conditions that are:HarmfulThreateningChallenging© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncCoping ModelsAdaptive defensesCognitive appraisal modelProblem-focused–Instrumental strategies to improve stressEmotion-focused–Palliative coping–Aim is to feel better–Helpful for ambiguous loss© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncCognitive-Appraisal Model of Coping© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncTwo Types of Emotion-Focused CopingProactive–Seeking social support–Confronting feelingsPassive–Avoidance–Denial–Ambiguous loss© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncSpirituality, Religion, and Well-BeingReligion and spirituality positively related to:General well-beingMarital satisfactionPsychological functioningHealth© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncThree Componentsof Successful Aging1. Avoidance of disease or disability2. Maintenance of physical and cognitive function3. Active engagement in social activities© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncEarly Healthy-Adjustment TheoriesDisengagement Theory–Decline in physical health brings social withdrawal–Has received little research supportActivity Theory–Activity is linked with life satisfaction–Regarded as simplistic© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncContinuity TheoryEmphasizes people’s need to maintain a connection between past and presentEnjoying similar activities throughout life span© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncThe Role of ProductivityProductive activity plays a significant role in successful aging:Higher self-rated happinessBetter physical functioningLess chance of dying six years after self-report© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncSelective Optimization with Compensation (SOC)Selecting a few meaningful activitiesOptimizing abilities in those activitiesCompensating for lossesBox 18.1 Aging in AsiaFewer young people to care for the oldOlder people tend to live with childrenInstitutionalization is seen as a violation of traditional obligationsEffects of China’s one-child policy© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncWork and RetirementRetirement is a recent social phenomenonCompulsory retirement has been virtually outlawedBiggest factors in deciding to retire:–Health–Financial considerations© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncAge and Job PerformanceOlder workers are more productive than younger workersOlder workers also tend to be more:–Dependable–Careful–Responsible–Frugal with time and materials© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncSatisfaction in RetirementMen and women who had low work morale tend to get a “second honeymoon” soon after retirement–But continuous retirement is associated with an increase in depressionWomen’s well-being less affected by retirement than men’sSatisfaction is associated with social support© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncTime-Use Patterns of RetireesFamily-focused lifestyleBalanced investmentSerious leisure© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncIncome Sources of Older Adults© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncLiving ArrangementsLiving in place or alone For those who can manage with minimal helpLiving with adult children Especially among African, Asian, and Latin American culturesLiving in institutions For care of frail elderly; likelihood increases with ageAlternative housing options Co-op or mobile home Assisted livingLiving Arrangements© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc© 2012 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, IncSocial TheoriesSocial convoy theory–Identify helpful social-network members–Avoid unhelpful network membersSocioemotional selectivity