Lecture 16 EGR 270 Fundamentals of Computer Engineering Microprocessors A microprocessor is essentially a computer on a single chip It is also an example of a complex finite state machine or clocked sequential circuit The first microprocessor was introduced around 1970 By 1974 the 8 bit Intel 8080 and Motorola 6800 were introduced By 1978 the 16 bit Intel 8086 and Motorola 68000 were introduced Microprocessors have continued to develop to include current powerful Pentium and other microprocessors Microprocessors versus Microcontrollers Microprocessors have continued to develop along two lines 1 Performance modern computers are based on powerful microprocessors where the focus is on speed and processing and storage of large amounts of data The general public is most familiar with this type of microprocessor such as Pentiums 2 Integration smaller microprocessors that include built in memory and interface circuitry or microcontrollers are often integrated into applications such as appliances vehicles equipment etc The focus here is reduced size reduced cost and a reduced chipset onboard memory for example rather than separate memory chips The general public is less familiar with microcontrollers although ten times 1 more microcontrollers are sold than microprocessors Lecture 16 EGR 270 Fundamentals of Computer Engineering Microcontroller evolution Microcontrollers have continued to evolve Using Motorola as an example Recall that in 1974 the Motorola 6800 was introduced Later versions included the Motorola 6801 6802 and 6808 In 1985 the Motorola 68HC11 was introduced including several versions In 1996 the Motorola 68HC12 was introduced July 2004 the Motorola microcontroller division broke off into a new company Freescale Semiconductor Inc 68HC11 based applications just to name a few Chrysler transmission and engine control modules Ford digital instrument cluster Jeep Cherokee drive and emissions control Chevrolet engine control modules Canon cameras Motorola phone systems AIM portable gas detectors StairMaster s exercise machines 2 Lecture 16 EGR 270 Fundamentals of Computer Engineering Freescale Semiconductor Inc a few words from their web site www freescale com Freescale Semiconductor Inc is a global leader in the design and manufacture of embedded semiconductors for the automotive consumer industrial networking and wireless markets The privately held company is based in Austin Texas and has design research and development manufacturing or sales operations in more than 30 countries Freescale is one of the world s largest semiconductor companies with 2006 sales of 6 4 billion USD Pervasive Innovation Freescale may be one of the largest companies that people touch every day but have never heard of It has shipped more than 17 billion semiconductors which can be found in everyday name brands Motorola cell phones Sony electronics Whirlpool appliances Logitech keyboards and mice Lifefitness cardiovascular and strength training equipment Cisco routers Bose Acoustic Wave radios Trane heating and cooling equipment Mercedes BMW Ford Hyundai and General Motors vehicles Market Leadership Freescale is a leader in many markets it serves No 1 in automotive semiconductors Gartner No 1 in communications processors Gartner No 2 in overall microcontrollers Gartner No 2 in digital signal processors Forward Concepts No 4 in wireless handset radio frequency microprocessors iSuppli Freescale has design research and development R D manufacturing or sales operations in more than 30 countries We have seven wholly owned wafer fabs two assembly and test sites and a 300 millimeter pilot line and R D center in Crolles France jointly owned with STMicroelectronics and Philips Freescale invests 1 billion annually in R D and has 5 500 patent families A New Life After more than 50 years as part of Motorola Freescale started a new life as a stand alone company in July 2004 Since then under the leadership of Chairman and CEO Michel Mayer the company has focused on improving financial performance reenergizing the culture and building a global brand 3 Lecture 16 EGR 270 Fundamentals of Computer Engineering Microcontroller boards Microcontrollers are often available on circuit boards for learning and building prototypes of designs Microcontroller boards might contain Microcontroller Crystal clock generator Power supply or regulator Input output connections for downloading programs reading keyboard inputs and displaying outputs Connection points the microcontroller s input and output pins Additional memory 68HC11 Microcontroller Boards just to name a few M68HC11EVBU Motorola Evaluation Board 68HC11F1 by Allen Systems Inc www allen systems com Handy Board developed and licensed by MIT www handyboard com F68HC11 single chip evaluation board by NewMicros www newmicros com MicroStamp11 by Technological Arts Inc www technologicalarts com used in 4 EGR262 and in this course Lecture 16 EGR 270 Fundamentals of Computer Engineering MicroStamp11 The MicroStamp11 is a microcontroller or microprocessor It is built by Technological Arts and is based on the Motorola 68HC11 microcontroller Technological Arts states that the MicroStamp11 is the world s smallest microcontroller module The MicroStamp11 is about the size of a postage stamp 5 Lecture 16 EGR 270 Fundamentals of Computer Engineering MicroStamp11 Breadboard Setup The MicroStamp 11 is easily used on a breadboard with two modules MicroStamp11 Module fitted with a 20 pin connector that plugs into a breadboard USB to MCU Interface Module allows for serial communication using a USB port on a computer The USB connection can also be used to provide power 5V to the breadboard A few wires are required as shown below MicroStamp11 Module USB to MCU Interface Module 6 Lecture 16 EGR 270 Fundamentals of Computer Engineering MicroStamp11 Features reference www technologicalArts com 7 Lecture 16 EGR 270 Fundamentals of Computer Engineering Microcontroller Architecture A microcontroller includes the following key elements CPU Central Processing Unit Memory I O input output Devices These elements communicate with each other via buses Bus essentially a group of parallel wires like a parallel cable CPU Memory I O Devices Computer Bus 8 Lecture 16 EGR 270 Fundamentals of Computer Engineering More detail is added to each element of microcontroller as illustrated below CPU Memory Control Unit ALU Special Registers Gen Purpose Registers I O Devices RAM Secondary Memory ROM I O Ports Data Bus