PowerPoint PresentationSlide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 301Lecture #16 EGR 270 – Fundamentals of Computer EngineeringMicroprocessorsA microprocessor is essentially a computer on a single chip. It is also an example of a complex finite state machine or clocked sequential circuit.•The first microprocessor was introduced around 1970.•By 1974 the 8-bit Intel 8080 and Motorola 6800 were introduced•By 1978 the 16-bit Intel 8086 and Motorola 68000 were introduced.•Microprocessors have continued to develop to include current powerful Pentium and other microprocessors.Microprocessors versus MicrocontrollersMicroprocessors have continued to develop along two lines:1) Performance – modern computers are based on powerful microprocessors where the focus is on speed and processing and storage of large amounts of data. The general public is most familiar with this type of microprocessor (such as Pentiums).2) Integration – smaller microprocessors that include built-in memory and interface circuitry, or microcontrollers, are often integrated into applications, such as appliances, vehicles, equipment, etc. The focus here is reduced size, reduced cost, and a reduced chipset (onboard memory, for example, rather than separate memory chips). The general public is less familiar with microcontrollers, although ten times more microcontrollers are sold than microprocessors!2Microcontroller evolutionMicrocontrollers have continued to evolve. Using Motorola as an example:•Recall that in 1974 the Motorola 6800 was introduced•Later versions included the Motorola 6801, 6802, and 6808.•In 1985 the Motorola 68HC11 was introduced (including several versions)•In 1996 the Motorola 68HC12 was introduced.•July 2004 the Motorola microcontroller division broke off into a new company: Freescale Semiconductor, Inc68HC11-based applications – just to name a few:•Chrysler transmission and engine control modules•Ford digital instrument cluster•Jeep Cherokee drive and emissions control•Chevrolet engine control modules•Canon cameras•Motorola phone systems•AIM portable gas detectors•StairMaster’s exercise machinesLecture #16 EGR 270 – Fundamentals of Computer Engineering3Freescale Semiconductor, Inc – a few words from their web site (www.freescale.com)Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. is a global leader in the design and manufacture of embedded semiconductors for the automotive, consumer, industrial, networking and wireless markets. The privately-held company is based in Austin, Texas, and has design, research and development, manufacturing or sales operations in more than 30 countries. Freescale is one of the world's largest semiconductor companies with 2006 sales of $6.4 billion (USD).Pervasive InnovationFreescale may be one of the largest companies that people touch every day, but have never heard of. It has shipped more than 17 billion semiconductors, which can be found in everyday name brands: Motorola cell phones Sony electronics Whirlpool appliances Logitech keyboards and mice Lifefitness cardiovascular and strength training equipment Cisco routers Bose Acoustic Wave radios Trane heating and cooling equipment Mercedes, BMW, Ford, Hyundai and General Motors vehicles Market LeadershipFreescale is a leader in many markets it serves:No. 1 in automotive semiconductors — Gartner No. 1 in communications processors — Gartner No. 2 in overall microcontrollers — Gartner No. 2 in digital signal processors — Forward Concepts No. 4 in wireless handset radio frequency microprocessors — iSuppli Freescale has design, research and development (R&D), manufacturing or sales operations in more than 30 countries. We have seven wholly-owned wafer fabs, two assembly and test sites and a 300-millimeter pilot line and R&D center in Crolles, France, jointly owned with STMicroelectronics and Philips. Freescale invests $1 billion annually in R&D and has 5,500 patent families.A New LifeAfter more than 50 years as part of Motorola, Freescale started a new life as a stand-alone company in July 2004. Since then, under the leadership of Chairman and CEO Michel Mayer, the company has focused on improving financial performance, reenergizing the culture and building a global brand.Lecture #16 EGR 270 – Fundamentals of Computer Engineering4Microcontroller boardsMicrocontrollers are often available on circuit boards for learning and buildingprototypes of designs. Microcontroller boards might contain:•Microcontroller•Crystal clock generator•Power supply (or regulator)•Input/output connections for downloading programs, reading keyboard inputs, and displaying outputs•Connection points the microcontroller’s input and output pins•Additional memory68HC11 Microcontroller Boards – just to name a few:•M68HC11EVBU (Motorola Evaluation Board)•68HC11F1 by Allen Systems, Inc. (www.allen-systems.com)•Handy Board – developed and licensed by MIT (www.handyboard.com)•F68HC11 single chip evaluation board by NewMicros (www.newmicros.com) •MicroStamp11 by Technological Arts, Inc. (www.technologicalarts.com) – used in EGR262 and in this courseLecture #16 EGR 270 – Fundamentals of Computer Engineering5Lecture #16 EGR 270 – Fundamentals of Computer EngineeringMicroStamp11The MicroStamp11 is a microcontroller or microprocessor. It is built by Technological Arts and is based on the Motorola 68HC11 microcontroller.Technological Arts states that the MicroStamp11 is the world’s smallest microcontroller module.The MicroStamp11 is about the size of a postage stamp!6Lecture #16 EGR 270 – Fundamentals of Computer EngineeringMicroStamp11 Breadboard SetupThe MicroStamp 11 is easily used on a breadboard with two modules:•MicroStamp11 Module – fitted with a 20-pin connector that plugs into a breadboard•USB-to-MCU Interface Module – allows for serial communication using a USB port on a computer. The USB connection can also be used to provide power (5V) to the breadboard. A few wires are required as shown below.MicroStamp11 ModuleUSB-to-MCU Interface Module7MicroStamp11 Features (reference: www.technologicalArts.com)Lecture #16 EGR 270 – Fundamentals of Computer Engineering8Microcontroller ArchitectureA microcontroller includes the following