POLS 206Study GuideUnit #5Ch 19Foreign policy: a country’s official positions, practices, and procedures for dealing with actors outside its borders. Isolationism: a foreign policy view that nations should stay out of international political alliances and activities, and focus on domestic matters.Internationalism: a foreign policy view that the US should actively engage in world affairs in order to try to shape events in accordance with US interests.International organizations: bodies, such as the UN, whose members are countries.Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs): organizations comprising individuals or interest groups from around the world focused on a special issue.Multinational corporations: large companies that do business in multiple countries.Cold War: the half-century of competition and conflict after WWII between the US and the Soviet Union. (1947-1989)Containment: the US cold war policy of preventing the spread of communism.Bush Doctrine: policy that supports preemptive attacks as a legitimate tactic in the US war on state-sponsored terrorism.Crisis policy: foreign policy, usually made quickly and secretly, that respond to an emergency threat.Strategic policy: foreign policy that lays out a country’s basic stance toward international actors or problems.Structural defense policy: foreign policy dealing with defense spending, military bases, and weapons procurement.Truman Doctrine: policy of the US starting in 1947 that the Us would aid free people to maintain their freedom in the face of aggressive communist movements.National Security Council (NSC): organization within the Executive Office of the President that provides foreign policy advice to the President.Department of State: the executive department charged with managing foreign affairs.Department of Defense: the executive department charged with managing the country’s military personnel, equipment, and operations.Joint Chiefs of Staff: the senior military officers from 4 branches of the US armed forces.Intelligence community: the agencies and bureaus responsible for obtaining and interpreting information for the government.Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): the government organization that oversees foreign intelligence gatherings and related classified activities.Director of National Intelligence: overseer and coordinator of the activities of the many agencies involved in the production and dissemination of intelligence information in the US government, as well as the Presidents main intelligence adviser.Department of Homeland Security: the executive department meant to provide a unifying force in the government’s efforts to prevent attacks on the US and to respond to such attacks through law enforcement and emergency relief should they occur.Hegemon: the dominant actor in world politics.Free trade: economic system by which countries exchange goods without imposing excessive tariffs and taxes.Protectionism: the imposition of trade barriers, especially tariffs, to make trading conditions favorable to domestic producers.International Monetary Fund (IMF): economic institution that makes short-term, relatively small loans to countries to help balance their currency flows.World Bank: economic institutions that makes large, low-cost loans with long repayment terms to countries, primarily for infrastructure construction or repairs.General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT): a series of agreements on international trading terms; now known as the World Trade Organization (WTO).Most favored nation: the status afforded to WTO trading partners; a country gives the same “deal” to member nations that it offers to its “most favored” friend.Deterrence: maintaining military might so as to discourage another actor from taking a certain action.Compellence: using foreign policy strategies to persuade, or force, an actor to take action.Coercive diplomacy: the calibrated use of threats of the use of force aimed to make another actor stop or undo an aggressive action.Preemption: action that strikes and eliminates an enemy before it has a chance to strike you.Preventive war: to use force without direct provocation in order to assure that a chain of events doesn’t unfold that could put you at immediate risk at some later date.Propaganda: the promotion of information, which may or may not be correct, designed to influence the beliefs and attitudes of a foreign audience.Diplomacy: the formal system of communication and negotiation between countries.Covert operations: undercover actions in which the prime mover country appears to have had no role.Foreign aid: assistance given by 1 country to another in the form of grants or loans.Marshall plan: America’s massive economic recovery program for Western Europe following WWII. (Sec. of State- George Marshall 1947).Economic sanctions: restrictions on trade imposed on 1 country by another or groupof states, usually as a form of punishment or protest.Embargo: the refusal by one country to trade with another in order to force changes in its behavior or to weaken it.Nuclear triad: the military strategy of having a 3-pronged nuclear capability, from land, sea, or air.Peace divided: the expectation that reduced defense spending would result in additional funds for other programs.Terrorism: an act of violence that targets civilians for the purpose of provoking widespread fear that will force government to change its policies.Weapons of mass destruction: nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons that can kill huge numbers of people at 1 time.Superterrorism: the potential use of weapons of mass destruction in a terrorist attack.Rogue states: countries that break international norms and produce, sell, or use weapons of mass destruction.Antiterrorism: measures to protect and defend US citizens and interests from terrorist attacks.Counterterrorism: activities to stop terrorists from using force and responding whenthey do.North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): multinational organization formed in 1949 to promote the Cold War defense of Europe from the communist bloc.In addition to the terms listed under “Define” on page 751, you are responsible for the following terms and names from the lecture.Neoconservatives (Neocons)-Project for a New American Century (PNAC)Dick CheneyDonald Rumsfeld“Axis of evil”al QaedaOsama bin LadenSadam HusseinCondoleeza (Condi) RiceColin