Foreign PolicyIn this chapter we will learn aboutUnderstanding foreign policyExternal actors in world politicsThe setting of American foreign policy: the Cold WarThe setting of American foreign policy: the Cold War, cont’d.Slide 7The post–Cold War setting of American foreign policyForeign policy typesCrisis policyStrategic policyStructural defense policyWho makes foreign policy?Who makes foreign policy?, cont’d.Slide 15Slide 16Power strugglesSlide 18Slide 19War Powers ActAmerican style of foreign policyGlobal context for making foreign policySlide 23Global economic interdependenceDomestic context for making foreign policyDomestic context for making foreign policy, cont’d.Slide 27Foreign policy strategiesForeign policy strategies, cont’d.Carrots and sticksCarrots and sticks, cont’d.New threats: terrorismHomegrown terrorismCombating terrorismWeapons of mass destructionNuclear weaponsNuclear weapons, cont’d.Biological weaponsBiological weapons, cont’d.Biological weapons: pros and consChemical weaponsChemical weapons: pros and consOther new challengesOther new challenges, cont’d.Citizens and foreign policyForeign PolicyChapter 19In this chapter we will learn about•The nature of foreign policy•Who makes foreign policy•The international and domestic contexts of foreign policy•The strategies and instruments of foreign policy•American foreign policy in a new century•The challenges of secrecy to keeping the republicUnderstanding foreign policy•U.S. government’s goals and actions directed toward actors outside our borders–Statements, pronouncements, written policies–Actual behavior, such as•Trade•War•Arms sales•Diplomacy•AidExternal actors in world politics•Other countries•Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)•Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)•Multinational corporations (MNCs)•Nonstate actors (like terrorist groups)The setting of American foreign policy:the Cold War•USA–USSR, 1947–1989•Competition but not a direct “hot” war•“Iron Curtain”•Proxy wars in Middle East, Latin America, Africa, AsiaThe setting of American foreign policy:the Cold War, cont’d.•U.S. policy of containment of USSR from 1947 until end•Berlin Wall fell 1989•Soviet Union collapsed 1991The post–Cold War setting ofAmerican foreign policy•New world order?–What now guides U.S. foreign policy?•Replacement for “containment”?–What are our interests?–What threats do we face?•Post September 11–“Axis of evil” and “war on terror”•Bush Doctrine–Iraq–Sudan•Obama Doctrine?Foreign policy types•Crisis policy•Strategic policy•Structural defense policyCrisis policy•Threats to national interest–Limited time to respond–Come about as a surprise–Often with use-of-force implications•Principal actors are president and advisers•Visibility of policymaking is low; involvement of Congress (or others from outside) is informal•E.g., Cuban missile crisis or Iraq’s invasion of KuwaitStrategic policy•Designed to assert and implement the basic military and foreign policy stance of the United States toward others.•Involves primarily executive branch members and agencies. Public debate and congressional involvement usually occur after the formal decisions are announced. Congress may get involved, often via subcommittees to lobby the executive.•E.g., containment, foreign trade, arms sales, foreign aid, immigrationStructural defense policy•Defense spending policies and programs•Policy process usually centered in Congress with Pentagon and Defense contracts and interest groups•E.g., base closures, or building the new Joint Strike Fighter—the F-35Who makes foreign policy?•The president–Chief executive–Head of state–Commander-in-chief–Chief diplomat–Chief legislatorWho makes foreign policy?, cont’d.•Executive branch –National Security Council–State Department–Defense Department–Joint Chiefs of Staf–Intelligence community•CIA and others•New Director of National Intelligence–Department of Homeland SecurityWho makes foreign policy?, cont’d.•Congress–Ratify treaties (Senate)–Confirm appointments (Senate)–Declare war–Exercise spending power–Oversee executive branch–Pass legislationPower struggles•Since both Congress and the president have foreign policy powers, the Constitution may be an invitation to struggle•Declarations of war out of date?War Powers Act•President must notify Congress if troops are moved into hostilities or where hostilities are imminent•Those troops can stay for only 60 days unless Congress passes a specific authorization•Meant to stop endless (Vietnam) and secret (Cambodia) wars•Unconstitutional?•Widely ignored?American style of foreign policy•Global activism–Hegemonic power?–Active in the afairs of others•Pursuit of moral values–Human rights•Balancing interests–Defend our security–Promote our economy–Spread democracyGlobal context for making foreign policy•Condition of “anarchy”–No binding authority above states•Reliance on power–Self-help international system; must cultivate and rely on power•Security a primary goal•Also an interdependent world–What happens in one place is felt around the world–Free trade underscores this interdependence–So too does global climate changeGlobal economic interdependence•“Bretton-Woods” system–International Monetary Fund–International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)–General Agreement on Tarifs and Trade (GATT); now the World Trade Organization•Most favored nation (MFN) trade status•Value of the dollarDomestic context for making foreign policy•Public opinion–Mass public’s beliefs relatively stable; risk (casualty) averse–Can push policy change–Resource in diplomacy–Connected to government through elections and through the mediaDomestic context for makingforeign policy, cont’d.•The media–Decreasing coverage of foreign news•Was up after 9/11, back down now–Access to information can be limited by the government, especially during war–Two-way street of influence–24-hour news cycle may speed up the foreign policy making processDomestic context for makingforeign policy, cont’d.•Interest groups–Groups that have individual members who share a common interest–Groups lobby on behalf of these individuals–Often organized around•Ethnic “diasporas”•Business and trade interests•Other