The Struggle for Equal Rights Chapter 6 In this chapter we will learn about The meaning of political inequality The struggle of African Americans to claim rights denied them because of race The struggle of Native Americans Hispanics and Asian Americans to claim rights denied them because of race or ethnicity Women s battle for rights denied them on the basis of gender The fight by other groups in society to claim rights denied them on a variety of bases The relationship of citizens to civil rights Laws that treat people differently Suspect classifications Strict scrutiny Test used when laws treat people differently because of race Quasisuspect classifications Intermediate standard of review Test used when laws treat people differently because of gender Nonsuspect classifications Minimum rationality test Used when laws treat people differently for any other reason age sexual orientation disability status Rights denied on the basis of race African Americans The aftermath of the Civil War Black codes Reconstruction Segregation and the era of Jim Crow Poll taxes Literacy tests Grandfather clauses What about the new amendments Although the 13th 14th and 15th Amendments were passed after the Civil War the black codes sought to limit voting and equal protection rights of African Americans The black codes sought to circumvent these amendments It was up to the Supreme Court to tell the nation what these amendments really meant Rights denied on the basis of race African Americans cont d Plessy v Ferguson 1896 Established separate but equal doctrine Upheld segregation Legitimized and legalized segregation is U S for over 60 years Overturning Plessy Missouri ex rel Gaines v Canada 1938 Sweatt v Painter 1950 Brown v Board of Education 1954 Rights denied on the basis of race African Americans cont d The development of the civil rights movement Bus boycotts Rosa Parks Martin Luther King Jr Sit ins Marches especially March on Washington Freedom rides NAACP Nonviolent protests Malcolm X Kennedy administration Rights denied on the basis of race African Americans cont d De jure discrimination Discrimination arising from or supported by law E g segregated restrooms Easier to combat Overcome with procedural policies De facto discrimination Discrimination that is the result of tradition or habit E g neighborhoods in northern cities Harder to combat Overcome with substantive policies Landmark cases and laws Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Fair Housing Act of 1968 Heart of Atlanta Motel Inc v United States 1964 Loving v Virginia 1967 Regents of the University of California v Bakke 1978 Grutter v Bollinger 2003 Blacks in contemporary politics The economic outlook for blacks Political representation significance of Barack Obama and increased representation in federal and state government Affirmative action today continuing controversies Rights denied on the basis of race or ethnicity Native Americans Native Americans and the U S government Political strategies Contemporary challenges Rights denied on the basis of race or ethnicity Hispanic Americans Diversity English Only movement Controversy over immigration stricter laws such as those in Arizona Political strategies Rights denied on the basis of race or ethnicity Asian Americans Diversity Discrimination Price of prosperity Political strategies Positive stereotyping Rights denied on the basis of gender Women s place in the early 19th century Few rights Basically the property of their husbands or viewed as the same legal entity Birth of the women s rights movement Seneca Falls Convention Rights denied on the basis of gender cont d Battle for suffrage Began in the states Wyoming first state to grant suffrage States slow to follow Wyoming s lead Ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920 Rights denied on the basis of gender cont d Battle for the Equal Rights Amendment Reasons the ERA failed Fear of radical social change Roe v Wade 1973 Supreme Court s interpretation of 14th Amendment Numerous federal laws passed that arguably placated women such as Voting Rights Act Civil Rights Act and Title IX Rights denied on the basis of gender cont d Gender discrimination today Pay inequity Glass ceiling Sexual harassment Pregnancy discrimination The Mommy Track Rights denied on the basis of gender cont d Women in contemporary politics Underrepresented in government Increasing number of women candidates Representation is on the rise Rights denied on other bases sexual orientation The sodomy cases Bowers v Hardwick 1986 Lawrence v Texas 2003 Don t ask don t tell and its repeal The controversy over same sex marriage The Massachusetts Supreme Court 2003 The California Supreme Court 2008 The Defense of Marriage Act Rights denied on other bases sexual orientation cont d Employment discrimination ENDA Hospitals now have to grant visitation rights to same sex partners of those who are hospitalized More support of rights for gays to adopt Public opinion and gay rights Young are most supportive of gay rights Rights denied on other bases Age Disability Citizenship