The Struggle for Equal RightsIn this chapter we will learn aboutLaws that treat people differentlyRights denied on the basis of race: African AmericansWhat about the new amendments?Rights denied on the basis of race: African Americans, cont’d.Slide 7Slide 8Landmark cases and lawsBlacks in contemporary politicsRights denied on the basis of race or ethnicity: Native AmericansRights denied on the basis of race or ethnicity: Hispanic AmericansRights denied on the basis of race or ethnicity: Asian AmericansRights denied on the basis of genderRights denied on the basis of gender, cont’d.Slide 16Slide 17Rights denied on the basis of gender, cont’d.Rights denied on other bases: sexual orientationRights denied on other bases: sexual orientation, cont’d.Rights denied on other basesThe Struggle for Equal RightsChapter 6In this chapter we will learn about•The meaning of political inequality•The struggle of African Americans to claim rights denied them because of race•The struggle of Native Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans to claim rights denied them because of race or ethnicity•Women’s battle for rights denied them on the basis of gender•The fight by other groups in society to claim rights denied them on a variety of bases•The relationship of citizens to civil rightsLaws that treat people differently•Suspect classifications–Strict scrutiny–Test used when laws treat people differently because of race•Quasisuspect classifications–Intermediate standard of review–Test used when laws treat people differently because of gender•Nonsuspect classifications –Minimum rationality test–Used when laws treat people differently for any other reason (age, sexual orientation, disability status)Rights denied on the basis of race: African Americans •The aftermath of the Civil War–Black codes–Reconstruction•Segregation and the era of Jim Crow–Poll taxes–Literacy tests–Grandfather clausesWhat about the new amendments?•Although the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments were passed after the Civil War, the black codes sought to limit voting and equal protection rights of African Americans•The black codes sought to circumvent these amendments•It was up to the Supreme Court to tell the nation what these amendments really meantRights denied on the basis of race: African Americans, cont’d.•Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)–Established “separate but equal” doctrine–Upheld segregation–Legitimized and legalized segregation is U.S. for over 60 years•Overturning Plessy–Missouri ex rel Gaines v. Canada (1938)–Sweatt v. Painter (1950)–Brown v. Board of Education (1954)Rights denied on the basis of race: African Americans, cont’d.•The development of the civil rights movement–Bus boycotts–Rosa Parks–Martin Luther King, Jr.–Sit-ins–Marches – especially March on Washington–Freedom rides–NAACP–Nonviolent protests–Malcolm X–Kennedy administrationRights denied on the basis of race: African Americans, cont’d.De jure discrimination•Discrimination arising from or supported by law•E.g., segregated restrooms•Easier to combat•Overcome with procedural policiesDe facto discrimination•Discrimination that is the result of tradition or habit•E.g., neighborhoods in northern cities•Harder to combat•Overcome with substantive policiesLandmark cases and laws•Civil Rights Act of 1964•Voting Rights Act of 1965•Fair Housing Act of 1968•Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (1964)•Loving v. Virginia (1967) •Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)•Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)Blacks in contemporary politics•The economic outlook for blacks•Political representation – significance of Barack Obama and increased representation in federal and state government•Affirmative action today – continuing controversiesRights denied on the basis of race or ethnicity: Native Americans•Native Americans and the U.S. government•Political strategies•Contemporary challengesRights denied on the basis of race or ethnicity: Hispanic Americans•Diversity•English-Only movement•Controversy over immigration – stricter laws, such as those in Arizona •Political strategiesRights denied on the basis of race or ethnicity: Asian Americans•Diversity•Discrimination•Price of prosperity•Political strategies•“Positive” stereotypingRights denied on the basis of gender•Women’s place in the early 19th century–Few rights–Basically the property of their husbands or viewed as the same legal entity•Birth of the women’s rights movement–Seneca Falls ConventionRights denied on thebasis of gender, cont’d.•Battle for suffrage–Began in the states–Wyoming: first state to grant suffrage–States slow to follow Wyoming’s lead–Ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920Rights denied on thebasis of gender, cont’d.•Battle for the Equal Rights Amendment•Reasons the ERA failed:–Fear of radical social change–Roe v. Wade (1973)–Supreme Court’s interpretation of 14th Amendment–Numerous federal laws passed that arguably “placated” women, such as Voting Rights Act, Civil Rights Act, and Title IXRights denied on thebasis of gender, cont’d.•Gender discrimination today–Pay inequity –Glass ceiling –Sexual harassment –Pregnancy discrimination–The “Mommy Track”Rights denied on the basis of gender, cont’d.•Women in contemporary politics–Underrepresented in government–Increasing number of women candidates–Representation is on the riseRights denied on other bases:sexual orientation•The sodomy cases–Bowers v. Hardwick (1986)–Lawrence v. Texas (2003)•“Don’t ask, don’t tell” and its repeal•The controversy over same-sex marriage–The Massachusetts Supreme Court (2003)–The California Supreme Court (2008)–The Defense of Marriage ActRights denied on other bases:sexual orientation, cont’d.•Employment discrimination–ENDA•Hospitals now have to grant visitation rights to same-sex partners of those who are hospitalized•More support of rights for gays to adopt•Public opinion and gay rights–Young are most supportive of gay rightsRights denied on other bases•Age•Disability