1GEOG 4712: Political GeographyLecture 13: World Systems Analysisgenealogy of the world-systems schoola. Febvre & Bloch(1922/1929)b. Braudel (1949)c. Kondratieff (1925)d. Gunder Frank (1967)e. Wallerstein (1973)f. Taylor (1982/1985)a bcde2*world-economy; nation-state; locality*globalization and ʻworld citiesʼ vs. embedded statismTaylor*contextual, spatial, historical model of social change*sociological approach to organization of accumulation viaprocesses of unequal exchangeWallerstein*development of underdevelopment*core and peripheryFrank*The Major Economic Cycles*world economic cycles regular; growth cyclicalKondratieff*The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World…*emphasis: technology and exchange*history: events; cyclical movements; longue dureeBraudel*Science of Human Geography*Annales School: socio-economic forces vs. politicalmilitary/diplomatic events or menFebvre& BlochContributionsAuthor(s)developmentalismerrors: nation-state centric; ignores history; assumes linear growth stages…expressions: economic nationalism, economic liberalism, marxism…explanations: Sachsʼ “dis-advantages” vs. Grant & Nijmanʼs “re-scaling”…3THE THREE ENTITIES AND MODES OFPRODUCTION IN WORLD- SYSTEMS THEORY1. MINI- SYSTEMS AND THE RECIPROCAL – LINEAGE MODEOF PRODUCTION.2. “WORLD” EMPIRES AND THE REDISTRIBUTIVETRIBUTARY MODE OF PRODUCTION. (AD 1000-1900)3. THE WORLD- ECONOMY AND THE CAPITALIST MODE OFPRODUCTION. (after 1500)LOGISTIC WAVESmaterial rise and decline of feudal EuropeI. A: c. 1050 ------- c. 1250B: c. 1250 ------- c. 1450expansion of agricultural capitalismII. A: c. 1450--------c. 1600B: c. 1600--------c. 1750The ʻgreat Wallerstein vs. Braudel debateʼ question:Did capitalism originate among the ʻagrarian territorial states ofNorthwestern Europeʼ or the ʻmerchant-bankersʼ in Italian city-states?41) A Single Capitalist World Economy Capitalist mode of production: Workers do not consume all they produce. Instead, production is for exchange in a market, which determines the price of a commodity through supply and demand.2) A System of Multiple States a) states protect those without power (working class) b) states protect those with power (capitalist class) c) political fragmentation: no price fixing, no monopolies3) A 3- Tier Hierarchy/ 2 Processes a) core: hi-tech, high-wage, advanced mix b) semi-periphery: mix of core and peripheral processes; NO separate processes c) periphery: low-tech, low-wage, simple mix There is a global “division of labor.” This means that, although all placesare part of the same global capitalist economy, different places playdifferent economic roles. This is the geography of global capitalism. 3 basic elements of Wallersteinʼs World-System5A-phase processes1) New technology/lead innovation sector concentrated regionally2) Increased production efficiency/commercial advantages to merchants3) Expansion in centralized investment planning under high profits4) Financialization and/or free trade regimes4 Processes of A + B PhasesB-phase processes1) Production costs reduced by relocation2) Mechanization yields overproduction/overaccumulation3) Economic disparities rise; unemployment results in unrest4) Flux period with poor profits/underinvestment; shifts in productionHegemonies + Cycles, IWallersteinʼs Short Hegemonies1) Dutch Half-Century, 1625-16702) UK Half-Century, 1830-18703) US Quarter-Century, 1945-1970• Based on economic lead, which enables political and military power.• Not an absolute measure; based on relative gap with competitors.country hosting innovation gains initial advantage……CAN lead to hegemony1) Major innovation drives political power; starts K-wave2) Initial production/industrial advantage3) Trade/commercial advantage4) Financial advantage5) Political and cultural dominance6Hegemonic CyclesModelskiʼs Powers + CyclesModelski + Wallerstein1) Method: Both are ʻlumpersʼ: impose order on the past and look for patterns; ʻsplittersʼ: celebrate specificity and uniqueness2) Dynamics: Both argue that the rise and fall of great powers occurs in a cyclicalpattern; both see the world-system as developing in cycles.3) Ambitions: Both try to construct a general framework of modern world history.4) Origins: Both see the modern world-system as beginning around 1500.5) Revisions: Both have revised their models against recent global changes.Modelski vs. Wallerstein1) Objects to the political-economy approach2) Argues economic determinism obscures political processes3) Uses 100-year cycles of world power to explain hegemony4) Sees naval strength as key to acquiring global leadership.5) Claims ʻgeopoliticsʼ must be understood separately from ʻgeoeconomicsʼ7Modelskiʼs Metrics + ModelConditions of Global Power1) Ocean Location2) Strong Economy3) Powerful Navy4) Strong Government5) No Civil Strife6) Index of Powera) SPa = Seapower of Countryb) SPt = Seapower of WorldWorld Powers1) Military: a world power initially has50% of the naval resources availableto all global powers2) Global power: SPa/SPt > .5a) DEF: control either 10% of allcapital shipsb) or 5% of total naval expendituresof great powers3) Political-military complex: a worldpower is a state that engages in +50%of ʻorder keepingʼ functions in globalsystem.1) Begins in a period with weak global organizational structure; degenerates intowarfare between the great powers.2) One state emerges from this core war with its navy relatively intact.3) As the only world power, this state orders the political system.4) World power experiences peak in decade immediately following the core war.5) Other great powers begin rebuilding fleets; world powerʼs relative share ofglobal naval resources diminishes.6) Stages: unipolar > bipolar > multipolar > weakly organized system > warModelskiʼs Cycle of Power8Hegemonies + Cycles, IIConclusions1) AGENDASa) Modelski promotes US foreign policy;b) Wallerstein attacks global capitalism.2) IDEOLOGYa) Modelskiʼs ideas in realist tradition of political science;b) Wallersteinʼs analysis in the radical structuralist tradition of social sciences.3) APPROACHa) Modelski is inductive,b) Wallerstein is deductive.4) FACTORSa) Modelski focuses on political,b) Wallerstein on economic.5) HEGEMONYa) Modelski: Naval power index, long-lasting concentration of political powerb) Wallerstein: Innovations, rare + short lived concentration of economic
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