1GEOG 4712: Political GeographyLecture 16: Developmentalism + World-Systems TheoryArgument II: critical2Structures“It is a very common device that when anyone has attained a summit ofgreatness, he kicks away the ladder by which he has climbed up, inorder to deprive others of the means of climbing up after him.” (F. List,1841)Alternatives: Hybrids. Hierarchies. Happiness3…Conclusionsgenealogy of the world-systems schoola. Febvre & Bloch(1922/1929)b. Braudel (1949)c. Kondratieff (1925)d. Gunder Frank (1967)e. Wallerstein (1973)f. Taylor (1982/1985)a bcde4*world-economy; nation-state; locality*globalization and ʻworld citiesʼ vs. embedded statismTaylor*contextual, spatial, historical model of social change*sociological approach to organization of accumulation viaprocesses of unequal exchangeWallerstein*development of underdevelopment*core and peripheryFrank*The Major Economic Cycles*world economic cycles regular; growth cyclicalKondratieff*The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World…*emphasis: technology and exchange*history: events; cyclical movements; longue dureeBraudel*Science of Human Geography*Annales School: socio-economic forces vs. politicalmilitary/diplomatic events or menFebvre& BlochContributionsAuthor(s)developmentalismerrors: nation-state centric; ignores history; assumes linear growth stages…expressions: economic nationalism, economic liberalism, marxism…explanations: Sachsʼ “dis-advantages” vs. Grant & Nijmanʼs “re-scaling”…5THE THREE ENTITIES AND MODES OFPRODUCTION IN WORLD- SYSTEMS THEORY1. MINI- SYSTEMS AND THE RECIPROCAL – LINEAGE MODEOF PRODUCTION.2. “WORLD” EMPIRES AND THE REDISTRIBUTIVETRIBUTARY MODE OF PRODUCTION. (AD 1000-1900)3. THE WORLD- ECONOMY AND THE CAPITALIST MODE OFPRODUCTION. (after 1500)LOGISTIC WAVESmaterial rise and decline of feudal EuropeI. A: c. 1050 ------- c. 1250B: c. 1250 ------- c. 1450expansion of agricultural capitalismII. A: c. 1450--------c. 1600B: c. 1600--------c. 1750The ʻgreat Wallerstein vs. Braudel debateʼ question:Did capitalism originate among the ʻagrarian territorial states ofNorthwestern Europeʼ or the ʻmerchant-bankersʼ in Italian city-states?63 Basic Elements of the World System1) A Single Capitalist World Economy Capitalist mode of production: Workers do not consume all they produce. Instead, production is for exchange in a market, which determines the price of a commodity through supply and demand.2) A System of Multiple States a) states protect those without power (working class) b) states protect those with power (capitalist class) c) political fragmentation: no price fixing, no monopolies3) A 3- Tier Hierarchy/ 2 Processes a) core: hi-tech, high-wage, advanced mix b) semi-periphery: mix of core and peripheral processes; NO separate processes c) periphery: low-tech, low-wage, simple mix There is a global “division of labor.” This means that, although all places arepart of the same global capitalist economy, different places play differenteconomic roles. This is the geography of global capitalism. Four Processes of A-phase1. New technology/lead innovation sector concentrated regionally2. Increased production efficiency/advantages3. Expansion in centralized investment planning under high profits4. Financialization and/or free trade regimes7THE FOUR KONDRATIEFF CYCLES KEY INNOVATIONSI. A. 1780/90-------------1810/17 COTTON/STEAM B. 1814/17-------------1844/51II. A. 1844/51-------------1871/75 STEEL/RAIL B. 1870/75-------------1890/96III. A. 1890/96-------------1914/20 GAS/ELECTRIC; B. 1914/20--------------1940/45 STEAMSHIPSIV. A. 1940/45-------------1967/73 (PETRO)CHEM/ B. 1967/73-------------1989/92 MOTORCARSV. A. 1989/92?------------ ? HI-TECH/BIO-TECH/IT sExam1) Mean + Distribution2) 24 hour cooling-off period3) And the winner is…4) Curve5)
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