1GEOG 4712: Political GeographyLecture 20: Theories of NationalismKey Geographic Questions1) Do nations have navels? ʻmists of timeʼ vs. ʻinvention of traditionʼ2) What is ʻ properʼ role and scale of identity? Nations vs. Nationalism:3) What is form and scale of nation/state or nation-state? Liberal self-determination vs. Post-socialist projects4) How are nationalisms in the periphery best understood? Resistance vs. Modernization5) Where are allegiances ʻwhen the chips are downʼ? States vs. Religious/Tribal/Kinship/Diaspora/___2Keywords, I: the National QuestionNation (common use):(1) “ a daily plebiscite” (Renan, 1882);(2) self-aware community……seeking a defined homeland…sharing a cultural connection…speaking the same language(3) should self-determine future and govern territoryNation (academic use): (4) A. Smith- ethnic and perennial; shared ancestry and ʻsacred centerʼ(5) J.Stalin- objective measures of subjective features of ʻhistorically constituted and stable community of people, formed on the basisof a common language, territory, economic life, and psychologicalmake-up manifested in a common cultureʼ(6) E. Gellner- modern and constructed; ʻnationalism makes nationsʼ(7) B. Anderson- limited, sovereign, imagined; print-capitalism + vernacular language sustain communitiesMulti-ethnic space vs. Ethno-national territory3Keywords, IINationalism: ideology that nations should have sovereign space (state) (1) Hobsbawm- elite-led movements employing invented traditions viaeducation, monument, ceremony, (2) Gellner- modern idea that ʻnationsʼ + ʻstatesʼ are contingent and ʻpolitical and nationalʼ units should be congruent, culturallyand voluntarily(3) Breuilly- political movements seeking (state) power and justifyingsuch actions with nationalist arguments as ideological doctrinesbuilt upon three basic assertions:a.There exists a nation with an explicit and peculiar characterb.The interests and values of this nation dominatec.The nation must have (at least some) political sovereignty.Nationalism: A Periodic TableIsrael, Iran,Turkey, JapanNation-state returns tohistoric greatness20th C.renewalUS, LatinAmerica, SEAsia, AfricaNation-state fromcolonial empire1776;1945liberationGreece,Romania,Finland,BulgariaNation-state from dis-integrating sovereign1821-1914separationGermany, ItalyNation before state19th C.unificationEngland,FranceState before nation1430-1800protoExamplesCharacteristicTimeType4Approaches: nations + nationalismsPrimordialists (Ethnic)Authors: W. Connor; A. SmithOrigins: ethnies old, nationalism as modern form of socialmobilization; new but logical outcome of elite supportMembership: Jus sanguinis; KulturnationTerritoriality: Exclusive, ethno-nationalModernists/Constructivists (Economic)Authors: Anderson; Gellner; HobsbawmOrigins: ʻCreole Pioneersʼ; French Revolution; Industrialization+ modernizationMembership: Jus soli; Jus domicili; Political or civic nation with legal entitlements and social protectionsTerritoriality: Nested, hybrid, multi-ethnic, multi-national, localAfrican exceptionalism?5Creole Pioneers + Official NationalistsInventing traditions6Print-capitalismN. Rockwell, ca. 1932Imagining the nation: Census. Map. Museum7Museum,
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