La neurosintaxis 2 13 abr 2011 – Día 37Organización del cursoRepasoEEGScalp (cuero cabelludo) EEGERP (Potencia evocada)Signal averagingERP procedureERP components named by their polarity and peak latency (in ms)Neurocognitive model of auditory sentence processingBrodmann areas in the left hemisphereIntroductionPhrases can be put together to form sentencesThe ELANSince the meaning doesn’t matter, we can write word-order rules based on categoriesBut such a real grammar is fairly complexA regular grammarA context-free grammarThe LANOverviewSubcategorization violations in German 1 (Rösler et al. 1993)Subcategorization violations in German 2 (Rösler et al. 1993)Slide 23Agreement violations in English (Osterhout & Mobley 1995)Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Also … El próximo díaLA NEUROSINTAXIS 213 ABR 2011 – DÍA 37Neurolingüística del españolSPAN 4270Harry HowardTulane UniversityORGANIZACIÓN DEL CURSOhttp://www.tulane.edu/~howard/SPAN4130-Neurospan/El curso es apto para un electivo en neurociencia.Neurolinguistics and linguistic aphasiology está en reserva en la biblioteca.Human Research Protection Programhttp://tulane.edu/asvpr/irb/index.cfmBefore beginning research at Tulane University, all research personnel must complete the CITI Training Program; this can be completed at www.citiprogram.org.04/13/112SPAN 4130 - Harry Howard - Tulane UniversityREPASO04/13/11SPAN 4130 - Harry Howard - Tulane University3EEGElectroencephalography (EEG) is the measurement of electrical activity produced by the brain as recorded from electrodes placed on the scalp.04/13/11SPAN 4130 - Harry Howard - Tulane University4SCALP (CUERO CABELLUDO) EEGScalp EEG is collected from tens to hundreds of electrodes positioned on different locations at the surface of the head. EEG signals (in the range of millivolts) are amplified and digitalized for later processing. 04/13/11SPAN 4130 - Harry Howard - Tulane University5ERP (POTENCIA EVOCADA)Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) are positive and negative voltage fluctuations (or components) in the ongoing EEG that are time-locked to the onset of a sensory, motor, or cognitive event. ERPs reflect brain activity that is specifically related to some stimulus or other event. This activity cannot be directly observed in the EEGthe EEG is a composite of simultaneously occurring brain activity it doesn't reflect just the activity associated with the event of interestIn other words, the "signal" (the brain response to some event) is swamped by the "noise" (the brain activity that is unrelated to that event).04/13/116SPAN 4130 - Harry Howard - Tulane UniversitySIGNAL AVERAGINGThe solution to this problem is to present not just one instance of the event of interest, but many instances. Epochs of brain activity, each one time-locked to the onset of an event, are then averaged together.The "random" activity washes out during averaging, whereas the brain activity of interest - namely, what is constant over presentations of the event of interest - stays in the signal.Through this signal-averaging procedure, it is possible to isolate the brain response that is specifically elicited in response to some event of interest.04/13/117SPAN 4130 - Harry Howard - Tulane UniversityERP PROCEDURE04/13/118SPAN 4130 - Harry Howard - Tulane UniversityERP COMPONENTSNAMED BY THEIR POLARITY AND PEAK LATENCY (IN MS)04/13/119SPAN 4130 - Harry Howard - Tulane UniversityNEUROCOGNITIVE MODEL OF AUDITORY SENTENCE PROCESSING 04/13/1110SPAN 4130 - Harry Howard - Tulane UniversityBRODMANN AREAS IN THE LEFT HEMISPHERE04/13/1111SPAN 4130 - Harry Howard - Tulane UniversityInferior frontal gyrus (IFG) = green,Superior temporal gyrus (STG) = red Middle temporal gyrus (MTG) = blueINTRODUCTIONThe first phase (100-300 ms) represents the time window in which the initial syntactic structure is formed on the basis of information about word category. For instance, the insertion of a contracted preposition+article between an auxiliary verb and past participle in German, produces a significantly higher ERP amplitude during this period than the same sentence without the intrusive materialDie Gans wurde (*im) gefüttert.The goose was (*in the) fed.04/13/1112SPAN 4130 - Harry Howard - Tulane UniversityPHRASES CAN BE PUT TOGETHER TO FORM SENTENCESStriped orange cats slept soundly.Colorless green ideas slept furiously.04/13/1113SPAN 4130 - Harry Howard - Tulane UniversityTHE ELANEarly left anterior negativity04/13/1114SPAN 4130 - Harry Howard - Tulane UniversitySINCE THE MEANING DOESN’T MATTER, WE CAN WRITE WORD-ORDER RULES BASED ON CATEGORIES A noun phrase (NP) consists of … ?An optional determiner followed by one or more adjectives followed by a nounNP  (Det) Adj (Adj) NA verb phrase (VP) consists of … ?A verb followed by an adverbVP  V AdvA sentence consists of … ?A noun phrase followed by a verb phraseS  NP VP04/13/1115SPAN 4130 - Harry Howard - Tulane UniversityBUT SUCH A REAL GRAMMAR IS FAIRLY COMPLEXPerhaps too complex for direct studyThey can teach subjects a simplified set of rules from a language that they do not know. But even better is to teach subjects an artificial grammar (the syntactic analog of a nonsense word) which have easy-to-control properties.04/13/1116SPAN 4130 - Harry Howard - Tulane UniversityA REGULAR GRAMMARThe rulesS  XabX  XabX  abHow would you generate the string “ababab”?This language is known as (ab)n.From fMRI we know that violations of this grammar activate BA 44 and BA 6.The English grammar that we made up is also of this type.So are the violations of German grammar.04/13/1117SPAN 4130 - Harry Howard - Tulane UniversityA CONTEXT-FREE GRAMMARThe rulesS  aXbX  aXbX  abHow would you generate the string “aaabbb”?How would you generate the string “ababab”?This language is known as anbn.From fMRI we know that violations of this grammar activate BA 44, but not BA 6.04/13/1118SPAN 4130 - Harry Howard - Tulane UniversityTHE LANLeft anterior negativityPhase 2 (300-500 ms) 04/13/1119SPAN 4130 - Harry Howard - Tulane UniversityOVERVIEWThe LAN component is observed with:morphosyntactic errorsfiller-gap dependencies04/13/1120SPAN 4130 - Harry Howard - Tulane UniversitySUBCATEGORIZATION VIOLATIONSIN GERMAN 1 (RÖSLER ET AL. 1993)The passive voice only applies to transitive