COMM 305 1st Edition Lecture 21 Outline of Last Lecture 1 Toulmin s Model of Arguments a Preliminaries i Two sense of argument ii Justification Correctness and Persuasiveness b Argument Form c Argument Prototypes d Applying the Model to Arguments 2 Theories of Reasoned Action Planned Behavior 3 Elaboration Likelihood Model 4 Aristotle s Logos Ethos and Pathos Outline of Current Lecture 1 Toulmin s Model of Arguments a Preliminaries b Argument Form c Argument Prototypes d Applying the Model to Arguments 2 Theories of Reasoned Action Planned Behavior 3 Elaboration Likelihood Model 4 Aristotle s Logos Ethos and Pathos Current Lecture Generalization In case A X In case B X In Case C X Generally X What is true of these cases is probably true generally Similar to classification but different Critiquing an argument is also about attacking an argument Bringing the warrant out gives us another line of attack Cause to Effect Known case X Hypothesized effect Y X causes Y Effect to Cause Known effect Y Hypothesized cause X X causes Y Arguing from a known effect to a hypothesized cause All the grass is wet I bet it rained yesterday Rain causes wet grass Analogy In instance A X in instance B X B is similar to A in essential respects In California legislation reduced agriculture runoff into ground water In Texas legislation could reduce agricultural runoff into ground water California and Texas are similar in essential presence Authority Source A says X X A is an authority on X Dr Spaceman says that I should take aspirin for my headache I m going to take aspirin Dr Space man is an Three Criteria for Good Arguments Acceptability Relevance and Efficiency Acceptability points to all the pieces of the model The elements offered as underlying reasons must be acceptable for the claim Are all the statements made relevant to one another that bear on a claim Show why the grounds are relevant to that claim Sufficiency shows the elements taken together as a whole Do the statements provide a sufficient statement for the claim Is the evidence strong enough Does it answer reasonable counter claims Is there enough evidence offered to counter write the claim Do we have enough to buy the claim Sometimes arguers aren t good at what they argue We have to discern what are the elements and are they sufficient You start with the claims then the grounds then look for the underlying warrant What claim are we going to analyze It has to be first because that is key With the claim in mind we can look for evidence and the grounds To get to the warrant we have to start with the claim then get to the grounds The qualifier shows the strength of the claim
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