RealistSocial ConstructionistNomanalistObjectivistSubjectivistCOMM 305 1nd Edi-tionObservations Outline of Last Lecture 1. Theory Making as Human Process a. Varied b. Importance of Dialogue c. Messy d. Linked to Methods 2. Key Points of Comparison 3. Three Clusters of Theory Making a. Post-Positivistic Theory (Chapter 3) b. Interpretive Theory (Chapter 4) c. Critical Theory (Chapter 5)Outline of Current Lecture 1. Historical background a. Empirical Observation b. Testable/Falsifiable c. Putting the “Post” in Post-Positivism 2. Metatheory Bingo a. Form: Casual statements about constructs. b. Goal: Explanation, prediction, and control. c. Commitments: Modified realists, modified objectivists, “leaky faucet.” d. Methods: Quantitative, empirical. e. Evaluation 3. ExamplesCurrent Lecture1a. Empirical Observation To come to knowledge we could be construct by observation or we could know things by mathematical proof. We could learn something because we could improve it. 1b. Testable/Falsifiable Post positivist are interested in proving things. They want to prove something universally. If you want to prove something you can’t prove every first meeting. Instead of proving our hypothesis we try to not disprove them yet. We try to not prove them wrong yet. Trying to find evidence contrary to what you believe and are guessing. They give us a map so we can do deductions. We can imperially test. Set forth a guess before you do your research. The guess has to be falsifiable. There has to be a chance that it could be wrong. It is important to recognize the human element.COMM 305 1nd Edi-tion Most social science represents that observation is itself a human process. Observation is im-perfect. Observation is important but can never be perfect. Our observations are flaud. 1c. Putting the “Post” in Post-Positivism Post Positivism involves others. Measures have a lot of error in them and aren’t perfect like we would want them to be. If we can observe something we can get around what exists. Make problematic claims. They settle for solving what is happening 95% of the time. Emphasizes the tentative nature of knowledge. The claims can’t be absolute. It has to be problemistic. 2a. Form: Casual statements about constructs Formal law like statements about formal constructs. Information about how the constructs can be measured and observed. The formal law like statements are casual statements. You tend to see variables and casual maps. 2b. Goal: Explanation, prediction, and control. Wants to be able to predict public agenda given media agenda. If you can reduce uncertainty then you should be able to reduce facial expressions, ect. Onto logyRealist Social Constructionist NomanalistSocial world is like physical world.Real world, but socially con-structed.No “real” social world.Immutable structures. Agreed upon. Random and chaotic.Independent of observer Intersubjective creation. Defined by our own ideas.You believe there are laws that govern how human communication works. It is your job to re-veal them not to discover them. EpistemologyObjectivist SubjectivistKind of knowledge Explanations of casual rela-tionshipsSituated understandingCOMM 305 1nd Edi-tionObjectivist SubjectivistConnection between knower and knownSeparate Inquiry from “inside”Goal of knowledge Accumulation o knowledge toward perfect endsEmergent and local cases; no ….Can I control how my values influence my work? Can I beware of how my values influence my work? It is possible to turn the faucet off and to keep our values from shaping the work and the result of the
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