THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONFocus QuestionsSUNDAY OCTOBER 23, 4004 BCSlide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7December 31Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16System of EpicyclesEpicycle with Higher ComplexityHeliocentric WorldviewSlide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Bacon and the Four IdolsSlide 27Slide 28CARTESIAN RATIONALISMSlide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36THE SCIENTIFIC THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONREVOLUTIONThe West and the WorldThe West and the WorldFocus QuestionsFocus QuestionsWhat did Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo What did Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton contribute to a new vision and Newton contribute to a new vision of the universe, and how did it differ of the universe, and how did it differ from the Ptolemaic conception of the from the Ptolemaic conception of the universe?universe?Why is Descartes considered the Why is Descartes considered the “founder of modern rationalism”?“founder of modern rationalism”?How were the ideas of the Scientific How were the ideas of the Scientific Revolution spread, and what impact did Revolution spread, and what impact did they have on society and religion?they have on society and religion?SUNDAYSUNDAYOCTOBER 23, 4004 OCTOBER 23, 4004 BCBCMonday, November 10, 4004 BCAdam & Eve Driven from ParadiseWednesday, May 5, 2348 BCThe Ark touched down on Mt. AraratJacobus Ussher(1581-1656)Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland.December 31December 31First HumansFirst Humans~1:30pm~1:30pmWidespread use of stone toolsWidespread use of stone tools11:00pm11:00pmBeginning of most recent glacial periodBeginning of most recent glacial period11:56pm11:56pmInvention of agricultureInvention of agriculture11:59:20pm11:59:20pmFirst dynasties in Sumer, Ebla and EgyptFirst dynasties in Sumer, Ebla and Egypt11:59:50pm11:59:50pmInvention of the alphabetInvention of the alphabet11:59:51pm11:59:51pmEuclidean geometry; Ptolemaic astronomyEuclidean geometry; Ptolemaic astronomy Roman Empire; Birth of ChristRoman Empire; Birth of Christ11:59:56pm11:59:56pmRenaissance in EuropeRenaissance in Europe11:59:59pm11:59:59pmWidespread development of science and Widespread development of science and technology; emergence of global culturetechnology; emergence of global cultureNowNowFirst Second New YearFirst Second New YearNicholas Copernicus, 1473-1543Title Page of De Revolutionibus1543Sir Isaac Newton, 1642-1727Title Page ofPrincipia, 1687MANGODNature Essentially QualitativeTeleological View of WorldAsGreat Chain of BeingPtolemy16th Century Illustration of Ptolemy (2nd century) Using Quadrant to Measure Angle Of Star AltitudeUranius, Muse of Astronomy, in BackgroundSub-Lunary SphereDante’s View of the WorldDante’s View of the WorldPtolemaic and Medieval WorldviewSystem of EpicyclesSystem of EpicyclesEpicycle with Higher Epicycle with Higher ComplexityComplexityHeliocentric WorldviewHeliocentric WorldviewHumoral Theory Humoral Theory –Influence of Galen Influence of Galen and Arabsand ArabsBasic HumorsBasic Humors–Blood (hot) , Phlegm Blood (hot) , Phlegm (cold), Yellow Bile (cold), Yellow Bile (dry), Black Bile (wet)(dry), Black Bile (wet)Material SubstancesMaterial Substances–Earth, Air, Fire, WaterEarth, Air, Fire, WaterTheory of TemperamentTheory of TemperamentPessimisticWet, Black BileCholericDry, Yellow BileSanguine,Hot, Dry BloodPlegmatic,Cold, Wet phlegmGalileo Galilei1564 - 1642Galileo’s Sketch of thePhases of the MoonJohannes Kepler1571-1630Astronomer and AstrologerEmphasis on MathematicsAccepts Heliocentric ViewElliptical ObitsLaws of Planetary MotionRejects Copernican View ofPerfect OrbitsFrancis Bacon1561 - 1626Novum Organum, 1610Bacon and the Four IdolsBacon and the Four IdolsIdols of the Tribe – Human Tendency to Fall in Love with a Dogma Idols of the Cave – Excessive Importance Given to Personal Experience; the idol of personal biasIdols of the Marketplace – The Fallacy of the catch word or unexamined vocabularyIdols of the Theater – The Fallacy of Theorists to spin seductive theories; plausible but fictitious systemsTitle Page from Bacon’sThe Great InstaurationPublished 1620Rene´ Descartes1596 - 1650Discourse on Method,1637CARTESIAN RATIONALISMCARTESIAN RATIONALISMSystematic DoubtSystematic DoubtDeductive Argument from First Deductive Argument from First PrinciplesPrinciples–Cogito, ergo sumCogito, ergo sumCartesian DualismCartesian Dualism–Res extensaRes extensa- Res cogitans- Res cogitansPhysical UniverseSize, ShapeMotion, RestThinking UniverseSoulMath as BridgeDescartes“Man as machine”Sir Isaac Newton, 1642-1727Title Page ofPrincipia, 1687Sir Isaac Newton, 1642-1727Principia, 1687 Newtonian Worldview• One universal, mathematical law explains all motion in universe• World of nature open to human investigation and knowledge• Mechanical view of nature• Orderly, regulated, uniform• Machine operates by natural laws• Natural Laws can be Known by ManMANGODNature Essentially QualitativeTeleological View of WorldAsGreat Chain of BeingGod as First CauseNature As EssentiallyQuantitativeHumanSoulCartesian DualismAndModern WorldviewTECHNOLOGYSCIENCEARTS & CRAFTSKNOWLEDGE-TRUTHPRACTICAL/MATERIALWORLDWORLD OF SUBSTANCEPHILOSOPHY/THEOLOGYQUANTITATIVEMECHANISTICQUALITATIVESPIRITUAL/SOULANCIENT WORLDCHRISTIANMEDIEVALSCIENTIFICREVOLUTIONPHYSICAL UNIVERSE QUANTITATIVE/MATHEMATICALLY STRUCTURED & MECHANISTICMATHEMATICS IS BRIDGE FROM HUMAN SOUL/MIND TO KNOWLEDGE OF