Slide 1Focus QuestionsWhat is this and how did it happen?European ExpansionEurope in 1526Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of AragonSlide 7Slide 8Slide 9The Ottoman Empire, 1520-1566Protestant ReformationThe Era of ReformationsThe Luther StoryProtestant Reformation: TheologySlide 15Slide 16The Spread of the ReformationRadical ReformatonRadical ReformationSlide 20Protestant Reformaton:CalvinismProtestant Reformation:CalvinismSlide 23Catholic Reformation, and Battle for EuropeIgnatius of Loyola (1490-1556) and the JesuitsCOUNCIL OF TRENT 1545-1563Religions in EuropeChallenges to Christendom: Challenges to Christendom: Reformation EuropeReformation EuropeHistory 103History 103The West and the WorldThe West and the WorldFocus QuestionsFocus QuestionsWhere and how did the reform movements Where and how did the reform movements take hold, and how did the emergence of take hold, and how did the emergence of these reform movements affect the political these reform movements affect the political and social realms where they were adopted?and social realms where they were adopted?What measures did the Roman Catholic What measures did the Roman Catholic Church take to reform itself and to combat Church take to reform itself and to combat Protestantism in the sixteenth century?Protestantism in the sixteenth century?What were the main tenets of Lutheranism, What were the main tenets of Lutheranism, Zwinglianism, Calvinism, and Anabaptism, Zwinglianism, Calvinism, and Anabaptism, and how did they differ from each other and and how did they differ from each other and from Catholicism?from Catholicism?What is this and how did it What is this and how did it happen?happen?Congress shall make no Congress shall make no law respecting an law respecting an establishment of religion , establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free or prohibiting the free exercise thereof…exercise thereof…European ExpansionEuropean ExpansionEurope in 1526Europe in 1526Isabella of Isabella of Castile and Castile and Ferdinand of Ferdinand of AragonAragonJoannaCatherineMaximilian I of Habsburg and Mary of Burgundy with FamilyHabsburg and Burgundy ConnectionPhilip and JoannaCharles VCharles V, 1500-58Holy Roman Emperor, 1519-56 Habsburg vs ValoisFrancis I, 1494-47King of France, 1515-47European ExpansionEuropean ExpansionThe Ottoman Empire, 1520-The Ottoman Empire, 1520-15661566Protestant ReformationProtestant ReformationMartin Luther1483-1546• Justification by Faith• Bible vs Tradition• Priesthood of all BelieversThe Era of ReformationsThe Era of ReformationsThe Luther StoryThe Luther StoryProtestant Reformation: TheologyProtestant Reformation: TheologyProtestant Reformation: CalvinismProtestant Reformation: CalvinismCatholic Reformation, and the Battle Catholic Reformation, and the Battle for Europefor EuropeRadical ReformationRadical ReformationThe Luther StoryThe Luther StoryReform and ReformationReform and ReformationThe Appeal of LutherThe Appeal of Luther–Power of IdeasPower of Ideas–PrincesPrinces–Printing PressPrinting Press–PeasantsPeasantsReformationsReformationsProtestant Reformation: Protestant Reformation: TheologyTheologyJustification by Faith: “It is Justification by Faith: “It is clear, then, that a Christian clear, then, that a Christian has all that he needs in faith has all that he needs in faith and needs no works to justify and needs no works to justify him.” him.” The Freedom of a The Freedom of a ChristianChristian (p. 601) (p. 601)Protestant Reformation: Protestant Reformation: TheologyTheologyScripture Alone: “One thing . . . Scripture Alone: “One thing . . . is necessary for Christian life, is necessary for Christian life, righteousness, and freedom. righteousness, and freedom. That one thing is the most That one thing is the most holy Word of God.” holy Word of God.” The The Freedom of a ChristianFreedom of a Christian (p. (p. 597) 597)Protestant Reformation: Protestant Reformation: TheologyTheologyPriesthood of Believers: Priesthood of Believers: “Christ has made it possible “Christ has made it possible for us, provided we believe in for us, provided we believe in him, to be . . . his fellow-him, to be . . . his fellow-priests.” priests.” The Freedom of a The Freedom of a Christian Christian (p. 607)(p. 607)The Spread of the The Spread of the ReformationReformationThe Peasants War (1524-25)The Peasants War (1524-25)–Luther’s Response, Luther’s Response, Against the Robbing Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasantsand Murdering Hordes of PeasantsLutheranism in ScandinaviaLutheranism in ScandinaviaUlrich Zwingli in Switzerland (Zurich)Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland (Zurich)Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1555) and Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1555) and Peace of Augsburg 1555 – Peace of Augsburg 1555 – cujus cujus regio, ejus religioregio, ejus religioAnabaptistsAnabaptistsRadical ReformatonRadical ReformatonChurch and StateChurch and StateAdult baptismAdult baptismNonviolenceNonviolenceA church of martyrsA church of martyrsRadical ReformationRadical Reformation“’Michael Sattler shall be delivered to theexecutioner, who shall . . . cut out his tongue; then throw him upon a wagon, and there tear his body twice with red hot tongs; and after he has been brought without the gate, he shall be Pinched five times in the same manner’. . He was burned to ashes as a heretic . . His wife . .was drowned a few days afterwards.” Martyrs’Mirror (p. 4)Protestant ReformationProtestant ReformationJohn Calvin1509-1564Protestant Protestant Reformaton:CalvinismReformaton:Calvinism““Original sin . . . appears to be a Original sin . . . appears to be a hereditary depravity and corruption hereditary depravity and corruption of our nature, diffused through all the of our nature, diffused through all the parts of the soul, rendering us parts of the soul, rendering us obnoxious to the Divine wrath, and obnoxious to the Divine wrath, and producing in us . . . ‘works of the producing in us . . . ‘works of the flesh.’” flesh.’” Institutes of the Christian Institutes of the Christian ReligionReligion (p. 229). (p. 229).Protestant Protestant Reformation:CalvinismReformation:Calvinism““Predestination we call the eternal Predestination we call the eternal degree of God, by which he has degree of God, by which he has determined in himself, what he would