THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONFocus QuestionsECONOMIC LIBERALISMECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONSlide 5INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONRole of TechnologyCotton Production Factory SystemSlide 9Slide 10Role of technology: Iron and steamRole of Technology: railroadRole of technology: transportation RevolutionSlide 14Slide 15SPREAD OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONSlide 17Slide 18Social impacts: factories and their effectsUrbanizationSocial Impacts: new social classesSocial and political impacts: middle, entrepreneurial and business classesClass ConsciousnessSocial and political impacts: reforms, regulations and labor organizationsSocialismCommunismConclusions and Consequences: New kind of economyTHE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONTHE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONHistory 103History 103The West and the WorldThe West and the WorldFocus QuestionsFocus QuestionsWhy was Great Britain the first state Why was Great Britain the first state to have an Industrial Revolution? to have an Industrial Revolution? What were the basic features of the What were the basic features of the new industrial system created by the new industrial system created by the Industrial Revolution?Industrial Revolution?What role did government and trade What role did government and trade unions play in the industrial unions play in the industrial development of the Western world? development of the Western world? Who helped the workers the most?Who helped the workers the most?ECONOMIC LIBERALISMECONOMIC LIBERALISMAdam Smith, Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, The Wealth of Nations, 17761776–Laissez-faire Laissez-faire economicseconomics–““Hidden hand”Hidden hand”Thomas Malthus (1766-1834), Thomas Malthus (1766-1834), Essay on Essay on the Principles of Populationthe Principles of Population–Geometric Growth of PopulationGeometric Growth of Population–Arithmetic Growth of Food SupplyArithmetic Growth of Food SupplyDavid Ricardo (1772-1823), David Ricardo (1772-1823), Principles of Principles of Political EconomyPolitical Economy–““Iron Law of Wages”Iron Law of Wages”ECONOMIC ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONTRANSFORMATIONAgricultural Revolution of 18Agricultural Revolution of 18thth Century CenturyIntroduction of New CropsIntroduction of New CropsLegumes, turnips, clover, potatoesLegumes, turnips, clover, potatoesScientific Livestock BreedingScientific Livestock BreedingEnclosure SystemEnclosure SystemECONOMIC ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONTRANSFORMATIONRapid Population Rapid Population Growth in 18Growth in 18thth Century Century1700-1800:110 million 1700-1800:110 million to 190 millionto 190 millionBetter health practicesBetter health practices–Smallpox InoculationSmallpox Inoculation–SanitationSanitationINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONIncreased Demand for goodsIncreased Demand for goodsInvestment CapitalInvestment CapitalCheap LaborCheap LaborInventionsInventions–Flying ShuttleFlying Shuttle–Cotton GinCotton Gin–Spinning JennySpinning Jenny–Power LoomPower Loom–Steam EngineSteam EngineRole of TechnologyRole of TechnologyCotton and the Cotton and the spinning jennyspinning jennyCotton gin (Eli Cotton gin (Eli Whitney, 1793Whitney, 1793))Cotton ProductionCotton ProductionFactory SystemFactory SystemINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONSome StatisticsSome Statistics–1760: Britain Imports 2.5 million pounds of 1760: Britain Imports 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton; mostly processed by hand in raw cotton; mostly processed by hand in cottage systemcottage system–1787: Britain Imports 22 million pounds of 1787: Britain Imports 22 million pounds of raw cotton; mostly processed by machines raw cotton; mostly processed by machines and water powerand water power–1840: Britain Imports 366 million tons; 1840: Britain Imports 366 million tons; mostly processed in factories by steam mostly processed in factories by steam powerpowerINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONImproved TransportationImproved Transportation–CanalsCanals–RailroadsRailroadsIron ProductionIron ProductionFactory SystemFactory SystemRole of technology: Iron Role of technology: Iron and steamand steamIron smelting – Iron smelting – cokecoke1780s – high 1780s – high quality iron quality iron (ships, weapons, (ships, weapons, rails and nails)rails and nails)Steam engine Steam engine (James Watt, (James Watt, 1736-1819)1736-1819)1782 – rotary 1782 – rotary engineengineRole of Technology: Role of Technology: railroadrailroadRocketRocketLiverpool to Liverpool to Manchester Manchester line (1830)line (1830)20 years: 50 20 years: 50 mph, 2,000 mph, 2,000 miles of tracksmiles of trackseffectseffectsRole of technology: Role of technology: transportation Revolutiontransportation RevolutionINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONMore StatisticsMore Statistics–1800: Steam engines generating 10,000 1800: Steam engines generating 10,000 horsepowerhorsepower–1850: 500,000 horsepower stationary 1850: 500,000 horsepower stationary engines; 790,000 horsepower in mobile engines; 790,000 horsepower in mobile enginesenginesSPREAD OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONSPREAD OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONSPREAD OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONSPREAD OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONGreat BritainGreat BritainNorthern GermanyNorthern GermanyNetherlandsNetherlandsNortheastern Northeastern FranceFranceSPREAD OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONSPREAD OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONSocial impacts: factories Social impacts: factories and their effectsand their effectsUrbanizationUrbanizationSignificant Population GrowthSignificant Population GrowthMove to the cities--shift of orientation Move to the cities--shift of orientation from countryside to city.from countryside to city.Housing, public health, crime, Housing, public health, crime, sanitationsanitationPoor working conditionsPoor working conditionsChild labor; female laborChild labor; female laborSocial Impacts: new social Social Impacts: new social classesclassesWorking classWorking classChild and female Child and female labor labor Working conditionsWorking conditionsSocial and political impacts: Social and political impacts: middle, entrepreneurial and middle, entrepreneurial and business classesbusiness classesConcept of Concept of “middle class”“middle class”New business New business aristocracyaristocracyClass ConsciousnessClass ConsciousnessMiddle Class—bourgeoisieMiddle Class—bourgeoisieWorking