Slide 1Focus QuestionsPeaceWarWorld War ISlide 6Slide 7The Balkans, 1878 and 1914Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17The Western FrontSlide 19Stalemate & Slaughter, 1914-16Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Europe, 1923Slide 34Russian RevolutionSlide 36Slide 37World War IFocus QuestionsFocus QuestionsWhat were the long-range and What were the long-range and immediate causes of World War I?immediate causes of World War I?What did the belligerents expect at What did the belligerents expect at the beginning of World War I, and the beginning of World War I, and why did the course of the war turn why did the course of the war turn out to be so different form their out to be so different form their expectations?expectations?PeacePeaceEncyclopedia BritannicaEncyclopedia Britannica, 1911:, 1911:–““Life among nations will become still Life among nations will become still more closely assimilated to life among more closely assimilated to life among citizens of the same nation, with citizens of the same nation, with legislation, administration, reform all legislation, administration, reform all tending to the one great object of law, tending to the one great object of law, order and peace among men.”order and peace among men.”WarWarEncyclopedia BritannicaEncyclopedia Britannica, 1911, 1911–““Civilized warfare, the textbooks tell us, Civilized warfare, the textbooks tell us, is confined as far as possible to is confined as far as possible to disablement of the armed forces of the disablement of the armed forces of the enemy. The troops alone carry on war, enemy. The troops alone carry on war, while the rest of the nation remains in while the rest of the nation remains in peace.” peace.”World War IWorld War IMajor CausesMajor Causes–NationalismNationalism–Military BuildupMilitary Buildup–ImperialismImperialism–Alliance SystemsAlliance SystemsTriple Entente (France, Russia, Great Britain)Triple Entente (France, Russia, Great Britain)Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy)Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy)–Crisis in the BalkansCrisis in the BalkansFirst Balkan Crisis of 1908First Balkan Crisis of 1908Second Balkan Crisis of 1912-13Second Balkan Crisis of 1912-13World War IWorld War IImmediate CausesImmediate CausesAssassination of Archduke Fredinand, June Assassination of Archduke Fredinand, June 28, 191428, 1914–Princip. Serbian NationalistPrincip. Serbian Nationalist–German “blank check”German “blank check”–Austrian UltimatumAustrian Ultimatum–Austria Declares War on Serbia, July 28, 1914Austria Declares War on Serbia, July 28, 1914–Mobilization of RussiaMobilization of Russia–Germany Declares War on Russia, August 1stGermany Declares War on Russia, August 1st–Germany Declares War on France, August 3Germany Declares War on France, August 3rdrd–Great Britain Declares War on Germany, August 4thGreat Britain Declares War on Germany, August 4thThe Balkans, 1878 and 1914The Balkans, 1878 and 1914740740Gavrilo PrincipJune 28, 1914World War IWorld War IMajor CausesMajor CausesAssassination of Archduke Fredinand, June Assassination of Archduke Fredinand, June 28, 191428, 1914–Princip. Serbian NationalistPrincip. Serbian Nationalist–German “blank check”German “blank check”–Austrian UltimatumAustrian Ultimatum–Austria Declares War on Serbia, July 28, 1914Austria Declares War on Serbia, July 28, 1914–Mobilization of RussiaMobilization of Russia–Germany Declares War on Russia, August 1stGermany Declares War on Russia, August 1st–Germany Declares War on France, August 3Germany Declares War on France, August 3rdrd–Great Britain Declares War on Germany, August 4thGreat Britain Declares War on Germany, August 4thCzar Nicholas II1868-1918Kaiser Wilhelm II1859-1941Emperor Franz Josef I1830-1916HohenzollernHapsburg RomanovFRENCH AND GERMAN TROOPS OFF TO WAR AMONGCHEERING CROWDWorld War IWorld War IExpands into World WarExpands into World War–Central PowersCentral Powers–AlliesAlliesGermany and Two-Front WarGermany and Two-Front War–Von Schlieffen PlanVon Schlieffen Plan–Battle of the MarneBattle of the Marne–Trench Warfare ResultsTrench Warfare ResultsThe Western FrontThe Western FrontWorld War IWorld War IStalemate & Slaughter, Stalemate & Slaughter, 1914-161914-16Trench warfareTrench warfareTechnologyTechnologyIndiscriminate Indiscriminate killingkillingThe “home front”The “home front”World War IWorld War IWar of Attrition – Battle of Verdun 1916War of Attrition – Battle of Verdun 1916–Machine GunsMachine Guns–TanksTanks–AirplanesAirplanes–Poison GasPoison Gas–SubmarinesSubmarines–Total Mobilization for Total WarTotal Mobilization for Total WarCollapse of Russia in 1917 – Nicholas II Collapse of Russia in 1917 – Nicholas II Abdicates – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918Abdicates – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918American Entry in War - 1917American Entry in War - 1917World War IWorld War IAbdication of Hapsburg EmperorAbdication of Hapsburg EmperorAbdication of HohenzollernAbdication of HohenzollernArmistice of November 11, 1918Armistice of November 11, 1918Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles–Big FourBig FourWilson, Clemenceau, Lloyd George, OrlandoWilson, Clemenceau, Lloyd George, OrlandoWilson’s Fourteen PointsWilson’s Fourteen PointsHarsh TreatyHarsh Treaty–German Guilt ClauseGerman Guilt Clause–Reparations - 33 billionReparations - 33 billionLeague of NationsLeague of NationsCharles Meyer Charles Meyer in EuropeCharles MeyerMeyer Family PhotosOpen covenants of peace, openly arrived at, Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public viewin the public view Absolute freedom of navigation upon the Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seasseasThe removal, so far as possible, of all The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the an equality of trade conditions among all the