Subjunctive Uses (so far) Conditional sentences: Present contrary to fact Rule: Use the imperfect subjunctive in both clauses. si Minotaurum occiderem, omnes me laudarent. If I killed the Minotaur, everybody would praise me. Conditional sentences: Past contrary to fact Rule: Use the pluperfect subjunctive in both clauses. Ne Theseus Minotaurum occidisset, Minotaurus eum consumpsisset. If Theseus had not killed the Minotaur, the Minotaur would have eaten him. Cum clauses Rule: When the cum clause sets a condition for the action of the main clause, use cum plus subjunctive; it can mean “since,” “because,” “while,” “when,” or “although.” cum Theseus vir fortis esset, Ariadne eum amaverit. Because Theseus was a brave man, Ariadne fell in love with him. Tenses: Any tense can be used – just as with indicative. Purpose clauses Theseus Minotaurum occidit ut omnes tuti essent. Theseus killed the Minotaur so that everyone would be safe. Theseus ad Cretam ibit ut Minotaurum occidat. Theseus will go to Crete so he can kill the Minotaur. Tenses: If the verb of the main clause is present or future, use the present subjunctive in the ut clause. If it is a past tense, use the imperfect subjunctive. Result clauses Helena tam pulchra erat ut omnes eam amarent. Helen was so beautiful that everyone loved her. Tenses: If the verb of the main clause is present or future, use the present subjunctive for things that are happening at the same time, and perfect for things that happened before. If the verb of the main clause is a past tense, use the imperfect subjunctive for things that are happening at the same time, and pluperfect for things that happened before. Jussive subjunctives ad novam terram proficiscimur. Let’s set out for a new country. quod hunc librum tibi dedi, eum legas. Since I gave you this book, why don’t you read it? Tenses: Present tense.Other (non-subjunctive) forms: Ablative absolutes Rule: it sets a precondition for the rest of the sentence, is not directly grammatically related to the rest of the sentence (i.e. not an object or anything), and usually has a participle in it. hoc libro tibi a me dato, eum legas. This book having been given to you by me, (go on and) read it. (Since I gave you this book, read it.) Indirect Statement Rule: Used to report what someone said; we usually use “that” to introduce it. cives dixerunt Theseum Minotaurum occidisse. The citizens said that Theseus had killed the Minotaur. cives dicunt Theseum Minotaurum occidisse. The citizens are saying that Theseus killed the Minotaur. cives dicunt Theseum Minotaurum occisurum esse. The citizens say that Theseus will kill the Minotaur. Tenses: No matter what tense the verb in the main clause is, for actions that happened before it you use the pluperfect infinitive, for actions that are current with it you use the present infinitive, and for actions that will happen later you use the “future
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