Lingua Latina: Agenda a.d. XIV Kal. Oct. Agenda I. Review Quiz and HW II. Labores Thesei vocab and drill III. Theseus apud Minotaurum Vocab IV. Passive forms V. Minos; Theseus apud Minotaurum VI. Indirect statement VII. is dixit, ea dixit Vocabulary and Drill i. aequavit ii. aequatum est iii. aequamus iv. cogo v. cogit vi. cogitur vii. coegit viii. coactus est ix. egressi sunt x. egredi xi. par xii. pares xiii. posuit xiv. ponitxv. ponebat xvi. ponet xvii. poneret xviii. interfeci xix. interfectus xx. pereunt xxi. periit xxii. positum xxiii. prenderem xxiv. prendi xxv. usque xxvi. vis xxvii. lecto xxviii. lecti xxix. iactum est xxx. iaciens xxxi. interficimus xxxii. deiecit xxxiii. posui xxxiv. vires New VocabPassive forms: The Present System In the present system, the passive forms are made simply by exchanging passive endings for active ones. The stem and vowels stay the same. Passive endings: I = r you = ris -re s/he = tur we = mur you pl. = mini they = ntur 1st 2nd 3rd 3-io 4th I portar moneor ducor capior audior you s. portaris moneris duceris capiris audiris s/he portatur monetur ducitur capitur auditur we portamur monemur ducimur capimur audimur you pl. portamini monemini ducimini capimini audimini they portantur monentur ducuntur capiuntur audiuntur Imperfect1st 2nd 3rd 3-io 4th I portabar monebar ducebar capiebar audiebar you s. portabaris monebaris ducebaris capiebaris audiebaris s/he portabatur monebatur ducebatur capiebatur audiebatur we portabamur monebamur ducebamur capiebamur audiebamur you pl. portabamini monebamini ducebamini capiebamini audiebamini they portabantur monebantur ducebantur capiebantur audiebantur Future 1st 2nd 3rd 3-io 4th I portabor monebor ducar capiar audiar you s. portabiris monebiris duceris capieris audieris s/he portabitur monebitur ducetur capietur audietur we portabimur monebimur ducemur capiemur audiemur you pl. portabimini monebimini ducemini capiemini audiemini they portabuntur monebuntur ducentur capientur audientur The Perfect System The Perfect, pluperfect and future perfect are all formed from the perfect passive particple plus the present, imperfect or future forms of the verb sum, esse. Note: Only one example is given here because the characteristic vowels of the different declensions no longer play a role, as logn as you know the perfect passive participle.Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect I portatus sum portatus eram portatus ero you portatus es portatus eras portatus eris s/he portatus est portatus erat portatus erit we portati sumus portati eramus portati erimus you pl. portati estis portati eratis portati eritis they portati sunt portati erant portati erunt NOTE: The form of the PPP will change to indicate the gender and number of the subject: puer laudatus est, the boy was praised. puella laudata est, the girl was praised. consilium laudatum erat, the plan had been praised laudati eramus, we had been praised. laudatae sumus, we [a group of women] were praised Aegeus dixit eum laudatum esse, Aegeus said that he was praised (lit. “him to have been praised” Infinitives Latin has, essentially, three infinitives (“to ___”), each of which has an active and a passive form. Here’s an example from each verb conjugation. Tense Active Meaning Passive Meaning present portare to carry portari to be carried perfect portavisse to have carried portatum esse to have been carried “future” portaturus esse to be about to carry portatus iri to be going to be carriedIndirect Statement Speeches and thoughts that are not directly quoted are given in indirect statement, which means essentially that (1) the action is expressed in the infinitive while (2) the person doing the action is accusative. For example: Direct statement (i.e. a quote): Theseus dixit, “pulchra est.” Theseus said, “She is beautiful.” Indirect statement: Theseus dixit eam pulchram esse. Literally, “Theseus said her to be beautiful,” or in better English, “Theseus said that she was beautiful.” Indirect Statement is also used to describe what people believe or think, for example, pater scivit filium suum a Minotauro consumptum esse, Literally, “The father knew his son to have been eaten by the Minotaur,” or in better English, “The father knew that his son had been eaten by the Minotaur.” Tenses: A direct quote can concern things that happened before, are happening now, or will happen in the future. Theseus dixit, “Minotaurum interficio,” Theseus said, “I am killing the Minotaur.” Theseus dixit, “Minotaurum interfeci,” Theseus said, “I killed the Minotaur.” Theseus dixit, “Minotaurum interficiam,” Theseus said, “I will kill the Minotaur.” In indirect statement, the present infinitive expresses things that are happening at the same time as the verb of the main clause, the perfect infinitive expresses things that happened before the main clause, and the “future infinitive” expresses things that will happen after the main clause. In these examples, the main clause is in the past tense. Theseus dixit se Minotaurum interficere. Theseus said that he was killing the Minotaur.Theseus dixit se Minotaurum interfecisse, Theseus said that he had killed the Minotaur. Theseus dixit se Minotaurum interfecturum esse, Theseus said that he was going to kill the Minotaur. In these sentences, the main verb is in the present tense: Theseus dicit se Minotaurum interficere. Theseus says that he is killing the Minotaur. Theseus dicit se Minotaurum interfecisse, Theseus say that he killed the Minotaur. Theseus dicit se Minotaurum interfecturum esse, Theseus says that he is going to kill the Minotaur. A Latin-English difference in expression: If you look at the sentences above, it’s apparent that while English has to change the tens of the verbs in the “that” clause depending on the tense of the main verb, luckily for us, Latin does not. The important thing that the infinitive’s tense conveys is when the action of the statement clause happened relative to the action of the main clause – whether it was before, during, or after it. is dixit: ea dixit: cum alias feminas ad fontem semper quiescit! maritus meus semper me vexat! cenam malam semper parat.! semper vinum bibit et ebrius est! liberos non curat! matrem meum oppugnavit! meretrix quondam erat! pecuniam mihi non dabit! cum alios viros in via loquatur! scelestus est! nihil