23T2I0METER: alcaic (see Horace I.9). Thc word antehAc in line 5 is pronounced andscanned as two syllables, equivalent to ant(eh)ac.-bibO, bibere (3), bibl, to drink. est bibendum: an impersonal use of the passivepcriphrastic; translate: "there must be. . . ." Tl.re defcat of Antony ancl tlcopatraat the battle of Actium in 3l e.c. and their subscqucnt deaths ir.r Alcxandria *ctcthe occasion for great celebration in RomcpulsO (l), to strike. pulsanda: supply est. Saliaris, -is, -e, Sahan {referring to priesrsknown for grand banquets), priestly. Takc with dapibus in line 4.orno (l), to furnish, providc. pulvinar, pulvindris {nl, coucl-r. Hor:rcc is referring tgthc lectisternium, an ancient ceremony of praycr or thanksgiving durirrg whichrn-rages of gods were placcd on couches and scrved banquets.tempus erat: a shift in tcnse to exprcss a less urgent dcmancl, "(it) would bc thenght tirne" ( -t- infinitivc). daps, dapis (/), feasr, banrluet. sodalis, sodalis (m//J,comrade, fricnd.antehac, previously, bc{ore. nefas: supply erat.Caecubum, -i (n), Caccuban winc. This was an cxpcnsive wine from Latiunt.cella, -ae (/J, ccilar, storeroom. avrtus, -a, -um, ancestrrrl. Capitolium, -i (lr), thcCapitol. The two pcaks of the Capitoiinc Hiil werc the Arx on the northern siclc,where, according to legend, thc sacred gcese of Juno warncd thc Romans of anigl.rt raid by the Gauls in 3U7 n.c., and thc Capitol to thc south. On the Capitglwas Rome's most sacred templc, dcclicatccl to fr-rpitcr Optimus Maximr-rs, Juno, andMinerva. It was here that cor-rsuls took their vows of officc and gencrals colr-cluded thcir triumphal processions with an offcring of thrrnks. Capitolio: clative ofrc:fcrence l"fctr . ..") to be translated aftcr ruinas, as imperio is to bc translatcdaftcr funus in line t(.r€gina: i.c., Cleopatra. demcns, dcmentis, r.rrird, insanc. d€mentis: moclifying ruinaseven though it should krgically go with r€gina. W}rat poctic dcvicc is thrsJdementis: - d€ment€s.funus, luneris (n), fur-reral, dcath, clestrtrction. f[nus et: - ct funus.imperium, -r (rr), rule, cnrprre .conteminatus, -a, -uln, unclcan, filthy, taintcd. contaminAto: with gregc. .grex,gregis (rn), flock, hcrd, glng. turpis, -is, -e, filtlry, foul. turpium... virOrum: i.c.,thc pervcrtecl (according to thc Ronrans) nrcn of Clcopatra'.s court, which wouldhave included eunuchs.morbus, -i (nr), disease. morbo: rblativc with turpium. quidlibet, anytltinl{ rr tll.Object of sp€rare. impotCns, impotentis, unablc to stop, mad, crazy. Thc infini-tivc sp€rare dcpcnds on this adicctive.€brius, -a, -um, drunk. minuo, minucre (.3), minui, minftuln, to makc srnallcr,lessen, clirninish. Tl.rc sr-rbject is navis {1.3). furor, furr}ris (rri), ragc, mirdncss.lurorem: i.c., of Cleopatra.vix: takc with una. sospes, sospitis, s:rfe, sirvcd.lymphatus, -al -um, maddcnccl, crazcd. mentcm . . . lyrnphatam: i.c., agrrir-r, of Cleo-patra. MareOticum, -i (n), Marcotic wir-rc {fronr tl-rc rcgion of Lrrke Mirrcotis, ncarAlexandria in Egypt).redigo, redigere (i3), redegi, redactum, ro bring back, forcc.Cae_sar: i.e., Octavian, subjcct of redcgit (15), adurgcns {17), and daret {20).ab ltalia: an exaggcratittn for cffcct; thc battle of Actiunr wrrs fotrsht off thc coast ofwestern Grecce. volantem: supply raginam.r€mus, -i {rlr), oar. adurgeO, adurg€re (2), to press tow:trcl, closcly pllrsuc. accipiter... v€nator {19): translatc in this order: vclut accipitcr {adurget) mollis columbasaut citus v€nttor leporem.... accipiter, accipitris (rn), hawk. velut, just rrs, as.mollis, -is, -e, soft, gentle. mollis: what nunrber, r:endcr, ancl casci columba, ae (/),dove. lepus, leporis {nr), l.rare. .citus, -a, -um, swiit, quick.v€nator, v€natoris (m), hur.rtcr. nivdlis, -is, -e, sr.rowy.Haemonia, -ae l[), an old name for Thessaly in northcnr Grcece. catena, ae (i),chain. cat€nis dare, to put in cl-rains.fatalis, -is, -e, dcadly, dcstnrctive. Quae : "l3ut she." generosus, -a, ,um, noblc.generOsius: what docs the endir-rg ir.rclicatclmuliebriter, in a womanly way, like a woman.expav€sco, expavcscere (3), expavi, to fear grc.l11y, dread. €nsis, €nsis {rn),sword. latentis . . . OrAs (24): "hiddcn shores." "safe hirvcn."teparo (ll, to obtain again, scek rnstexLl.68l3I4l5l6t7I tlI92021222324l0HORACE I.37Cleopatra's Triumph in DefeatTftis is a complex poem on the defeat of cleopatra at the battre of Ac-tium in 31 n.c. and her subsequent suicide. In a concentrated poetic fash-ion, Horace looks at the cluest for power and its consequence through thefigures of cleopatra and octavian. what words vividly portray cleopatraand her lust for power in the first sixteen lines! How does the portrZyalof her change in the second half of the poeni!Nunc est bibendum, nunc pedepulsanda tellus, nunc Saliaribusornare pulvrnar deorumtempus erat dapibus,Antehac nefas depromere Caecubumcellis avitis, dum Capitolioregina dementis rurnas,funus et imperio parabatcontaminato cum grege turpiummorbo virorum, quidlibet impot€nssperare fortunaque dulciebria. Sed minuit furoremvix una sospes navis ab ignibus,mentemque lymphatam Mareoticoredegit in veros timoresCaesar, ab italia volantemremis adurgens, accipiter velutmollis columbas aut leporem citusv€nator in campis nivalisHaemoniae, daret ut catenisfatale monstrum. Quae generosiusperire quaerens nec muliebriterexpavit ensem nec latentrsclasse cita reparavit oras.lcontinuedll56925 Ausa: "Having dared to," "Enduring to" (+ infinitive), from the semideponent verbaud€re. Lines 25-32 present a compressed view of Cleopatra's final moments.There are a variety of ways to construe this passage. For instance, you will noticethat there are only participles in this passage; some commentators, therefore,translate ausa as ausa est. et/ even. iace6, iac€re (2), iacui, to lie {here, inruin). viso, visere {3), visi, visum, to look upon, gaze at. r€gia, -ae lfl, palace,royal city capital.26 voltus, -us (m), face, expression, countenance. fortis et . . . trectere (27): ,,and brave(enough) to handle. . . ." asper, aspera, asperum, harsh, rough, scaly.27 -Ater, atra, etrum, black, deadly.28 combibo, combibere (3), combibi, to drink in deeply. corpore combiberet: an unusualchoice of words. What is the traditional account of Cleopatra's suicide? DoesHorace allude to that here? ven€num, -i (n), poison.29 dclibero (l), to resolve. d€liberete morte: "in her resolution to die," "in havingchosen the manner