PSYC 300 1st Edition Lecture 25 Outline of Last Lecture I. Gender AwarenessII. Fear of RapeIII. Myths about RapeIV. RapeV. Seven Warning SignsVI. Intimate Partner ViolenceVII. Intimate Partner Violence: Risk FactorsVIII. Intimate Partner Violence: Leaving the Abusive RelationshipIX. Intimate Partner ViolenceX. Elder AbuseOutline of Current Lecture I. Gender AwarenessII. Women vs. men healthIII. Health Psychology & The Psychology of GenderIV. Ethnic Differences in DiseaseV. Biases Against WomenVI. Health ServicesVII. Health Services for LesbiansCurrent Lecture- Gender Awarenesso Debenhams uses different models-color, age, disability, weighto Barbie-all of the dimensions would not allow her to walk or live properly and is very different from the US averageo Matriarchal fairy tailso Dove’s “Beauty Sketches” clip - Women vs. men healtho Women a sicker, men die quickero Women outlive men in virtually every countryo Gender paradox: women live longer than men but in poorer healtho Biological explanation Woman’s second X chromosome protects them against certain lethal disease Higher estrogen levels o Lifestyle behaviors Males are more likely than females to engage in risky behavior (physically, sexually)o Smoking o Other reasons Women tend to seek more help for health problems Extensive moral supporto Social class  Women with men with higher incomes and more education have a longer life expectancies (people with lower income cannot afford healthcare)o Ethnicity Mortality rates higher for black women than white women  Black, Latina, and Native American women more likely to die of diabetes than white woman Black women shortest life expectancy, Asian women longest life expectancyo Gender differences Women live longer than men but usually have chronic conditions that they suffer but not die fromo Disability Chance of developing a disability increases with age- Health Psychology & The Psychology of Gendero Gender makes a difference in the kinds of illness that people experience. Prostate, ovarian, breast, is diagnosed and treatedo Gender makes a difference in the way a disease is diagnosed and treated. Gender-specific medicine – study of how diseases progress in men vs. women- HIV, lung cancer, STDs- Medicine dosageso Illness is an important part of many women’s experience.- Ethnic Differences in Diseaseo In the top 10 reasons for death for women, the following are the only ethnic group represented for: HIV: African-Americans Hypertension: Asian Chronic liver disease: American Indian and Latinas Perinatal conditions (complications around childbirth): Latinas- Biases Against Womeno Women have often been neglected in medicine and in medical research. Monthly hormonal fluctuations, ethical problems due to pregnancy, “male-as-normative” assumption Women's Health Initiative – 1991; Bernadine Healy- $625 million effort to study the causes, prevention, and cures of diseases thataffect women at midlife and beyond.- Responsible for uncovering new evidence regarding women’s healtho HRT (hormone replacement therapy) – heart disease/strokeo Gender stereotypes are common in medicine Pain; prescriptions- Health Serviceso Medical care provided to women is often irresponsible or inadequate. Less often recommended for women- Surgery; diagnostic procedures Women receive less adequate care than men when severity of condition same for both genders Health Insurance-women of color are less likely to have insurance and therefore don’t receive the proper care they need because of thiso Physician-patient communication patterns –often make women feel relatively powerless Sexism well-documented Women more likely to report negative feelings about patient-physician relationship- Women’s pains are often seen as less serious than men’s pain and they are not given the urgent care they need for ito This may be because women are constantly taking more pharmaceutical drugs than men Women and men more satisfied with women physicians - Female physician’s will spend more time with them and will not tell them thatwhat they are feeling is “all in their head”- Health Services for Lesbianso Lesbians and bisexual women may be at increased risk for some health problems Less likely to experience hormonal changes associated with pregnancy More likely to smoke and consume alcohol (e.g., Case et al., 2004) Social stigma reduces access to health care (e.g., Bauer & Wayne, 2005)- Avoid going to the doctor because they do not want to discuss their sexual orientation- Less likely to go to the doctor’s because lesbians do not get spousal benefits in health