PSYC 300 1st Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I. Gender AwarenessII. Gender ComparisonsIII. Let’s say:IV. Gender ComparisonsV. Social FactorsVI. Hypothetical ExampleVII. Gender-Related Social Behaviors and Personality TraitsVIII. Characteristics Related to Aggression and PowerIX. The Hormone ConnectionX. Characteristics Related to Aggression and PowerXI. Gender-Related Social Behaviors and Personality TraitsOutline of Current Lecture I. Gender AwarenessII. Gray’s Communication TheoriesIII. Deborah TannenIV. Communication StyleV. Communication DifferencesVI. Gender Differences in IntelligenceVII. Do Women and Men Differ in Cognitive Abilities?VIII. Gender Prejudice in the 21st CenturyIX. Gender Comparison of Cognitive AbilitiesX. Verbal AbilitiesCurrent Lecture- Gender Awarenesso Aggie cinema present a free screening of until the violence stops for prevention of violence against womeno BIC cristal for her ball pen (thin pens, sleek design, girly colors)o Director Joss Whedon: Feminist director? (when he was asked why he writes such strong female characters and said “Because you’re still asking me that question”)o UNC-Chapel Hill removes the word “freshman” from official university documents, citing as their reason an attempt to adopt more “gender inclusive language”- Gray’s Communication Theorieso Men and women have diametrically different communication styles, emotional needs and personal values to each other and that heterosexual couple can use this model to improve their relationship.o One example of his theory is that men complain about problems because they are asking for solutions while women complain about problems because they want their problems to be acknowledged- Deborah Tanneno A professor of linguistics at Georgetown University o Believes men and women have different communication styleso We need to identify and understand differenceso We need to avoid the assumption that male is standard and women need to change- Communication Styleo Verbal communication Talkativeness- Stereotype: women talk more than men- Research: men talk more than women, etc. - ? Interrupting - Affiliative interruption: to show interest and affirm what the other is sayingo Females > males- Intrusive interruption: to usurp the floor and control the conversationo Males > females Conversational style- Females’ speech (communal)o More emotional, polite, soothing, indirecto More tentative (more often with men rather than women) Examples:- Uncertainty verbs, tag questions, disclaimers of expertiseo Males’ speech (agentic)o More direct, goal-oriented, abrupt (use “I”) Explanation: less power, less self-confidenceo Nonverbal communication Demonstrations of interest and warmth more likely among females than males- Mutual eye contact-women gaze longer at people and people gaze longer at women - Smiling and leaning- Sensitivity to nonverbal messages and emotions Touch- Many different kinds of touch- Importance of gender and social status Personal space and posture- Men higher in personal space needs and posture tend to be open rather thanclosed Facial Expression- Smilingo Gender differences-women more often and when socially uncomfortableo Explanation-greater differences in posed vs. candid photoso Results-makes people more confident/comfortable- Anger Decoding Ability- Facial Expressions- Vocal Cues- Communication Differenceso Potential Explanations for Gender Differences in Communication Power and Social Status Explanations- Unequal status at home, work, society Social Learning Explanations- Gender segregation as children- Different social roles Conclusions- Gender Differences in Intelligenceo Conclusions of early psychologists Gustave Le Bon (1879): “all psychologists who have studied the intelligence of women…recognize today that they represent the most inferior forms of human evolution and that they are closer to children and savages than to an adult, civilized males” Francis Galton (1900): Declared that women were inferior to men in all their capacities. Cattell (1903): Felt it was well-known that women were much less likely than men to depart from average levels of abilities - Do Women and Men Differ in Cognitive Abilities?o History of gender differences in intelligence Brain Size Ratio of brain size Differences in specific regions The greater male variability hypothesis Physical abilities Mental testing Belief in innate differences continues- Gender Prejudice in the 21st Centuryo Both women and men on average judge women’s intelligence as lower than men When students estimate their own intelligence When college students estimate their parents’ intelligence When parents judge their children’s intelligenceo These contrasts have been found in US, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and some countries in Africa S. Africa is one exception where no differences were found- Gender Comparison of Cognitive Abilitieso General Intelligence and creativity No gender differences on current levelso Complex Cognitive Tasks No gender differenceso Memory Ability  Lists of Words: types of words (women: grocery list, men: hardware list) Memory for Events: men (sports), women (personal events) Nonverbal Material: women (faces, odors)- Verbal Abilitieso Language skills such as vocabulary, reading comprehension, spelling, etc. Gender differences appear very early Girls more vocal and verbally skilled than boys Explanations- Parents vocalize more with girls than with boys- Parents believe girls are better than boys at language and