PSYC 300 1st Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture I. Gender AwarenessII. SexualityIII. Sexuality Scripts (unwritten sequence of behaviors: Biological or culturalIV. Masturbation is….V. Today, masturbation is…VI. MasturbationVII. Background on Women's SexualityOutline of Current LectureI. Gender AwarenessII. Kinsey ScaleIII. Masters and JohnsonIV. Sexual Anatomy V. Sexual ResponseVI. Sexual AttitudesVII. Sexual BehaviorVIII. Sexual Behavior: Gender DifferencesIX. Explaining Gender DifferencesX. Sexual ProblemsXI. FrigidityXII. Causes of Sexual ProblemsXIII. Psychological Causes: Prior learningCurrent Lecture- Gender Awarenesso Mom gave girl trucks and she tucked the cars in her doll bedso UK rape victims accused of asking for it due to them wearing short skirtso Scotland anti-rape campaign-I’m the kind of guy who doesn’t have sex with a girl when she’s too drunko The drinking man’s scotch has a woman in a sexual pose on their advertisemento Man who wore a pregnancy belly: I’m not man enough to be a womano Asian pop star shaves head after breaking band rules (having a boyfriend)o Congratulatory letter from John Raney, Texas Rep assumes color guard director is femaleo Personal picture of brother wearing girl clothing and not gayo Woman’s body is being used for a bicycle ado Girl walking on campus was criticized by a group of Corps for being a girl and wearinga USMC pullover- Kinsey ScaleRating Description0 Exclusively heterosexual1Predominantly heterosexual, only incidentally homosexual2Predominantly heterosexual, but more than incidentally homosexual3Equally heterosexual and homosexual (bisexual)4Predominantly homosexual, but more than incidentally heterosexual5Predominantly homosexual, only incidentally heterosexual6 Exclusively homosexualX Asexual- Masters and Johnsono Subjects were observed as they were engaging in a variety of sexual activities o Used various measurement devices to measure muscular and vascular responses to sexual arousal.o Focused primarily on the biology of sex as they examined physiological responses to sexual activity.o Among the women that they studied, they found that 50 to 60% of women were not able to achieve orgasm during intercourse- Sexual Anatomy o External female sexual anatomy Vulva- Mons pubis- Labia majora- Labia minora- Clitoris - only known function is sexual excitement- Vagina – very little sensitivity (one study: 14% of women aren’t even aware ofbeing touched); function is related to reproduction- Sexual Responseo The sexual response cycle: the physiological responses of women and men to sexual stimulation from any source Excitement phase: Plateau phase:  Orgasmic phase: contractions Resolution phase: o Gender similarities: phases are the sameo Gender differences:  Women only have multiple orgasms- More recent research suggests some men can have multiple orgasms Easier to know orgasm has happened in men- ejaculationo One or two kinds of orgasms? Vaginal vs. clitoral Physiologically the same; psychological may be perceived as different- Sexual Attitudeso The sexual double standard: studs vs. sluts Men-“aggressors” Female-“gatekeepers”o Gender differences in attitudes Casual premarital sex – women less permissive attitudes Masturbation –no gender differences in attitudes toward Gender differences narrow as people get oldero Attitudes toward women with disabilities Assumption of asexuality  Satisfaction: women with disabilities less satisfied with sex lives than able-bodiedwomen Sexual desires: same as able-bodied women- Sexual Behavioro Consistency between sexual attitudes and sexual behaviorso National Health and Social Life Survey (Laumann et al., 1994) Married Americans reported having sex an average of seven times a month Frequency of sexual relations declines gradually with age The most sexually active women were age 25-29 Both women and men reported fairly high levels of satisfaction with marital sex, though women were slightly less satisfied- Sexual Behavior: Gender Differenceso Compared to women, men: Have higher incidence of intercourse and oral sex, more frequent intercourse, greater number of partners, younger age at first intercourse than women Masturbate more frequently than women  Engage in extramarital sex more often  Are more interested in sex o Compared to men, women have greater sexual plasticityo There is great variation in sexual expression among women.- Explaining Gender Differenceso Physiology: Orgasms more obvious for men Women’s body more “confusing” Women’s sexual “parts” not as obviouso Concern about pregnancy, rape Fears o Male-as-normative standards Sex is usually defined as foreplay, penetration, and ejaculation Vagina is often important for male organ but not for women’s- Sexual Problemso Frequency U of C study: 43% of women and 32 % of men o Most common among women Inhibited sexual desire (25% of women)-40%- Common side effect of anti-depressant medication Female orgasmic disorder (almost 25% women)- Penile penetration only – ½ or fewer of women do not have orgasmso 31% of women who had never masturbated to orgasm had not had an orgasm in the first year of marriageo Sexual arousal disorder (14% of women)o Dyspareunia (painful intercourse) – (7% of women) Lubrication is very important Psychological problems- Frigidityo A term proposed by Freud, Women were unable to have vaginal orgasms Viewed by Freud as evidence of psychological immaturityo Today is often used to refer to a woman who has no sexual desire or more broadly a cold, indifferent person; has the presumption that the woman is to blame for this o Today has medical meaningo Sexual dysfunctions are caused by a variety of reasonso Best predictor of sexual satisfaction: general emotional well-being and emotional relationship with partner- Causes of Sexual Problemso Age, marital status, ethnicity, education, and economic status related to incidence of sexual dysfunctiono Physical factors: poor healtho Psychological factors Marital problems, Depression, Stress  Anxieties such as fear of failure, cognitive interference, failure to communicate, failure to effectively stimulateo Sociocultural factors Gender Roles: - Successful sex often denied in terms of male satisfaction- Women may not be assertive